1、专业英语八级真题2016年及答案解析 (总分：100.00，做题时间：120分钟)一、PART I LISTENING (总题数：1，分数：15.00)Models For Arguments Three models for arguments The first model for arguing is called 11 2 : arguments are treated as war there is much winning and losing it is a 32 4 model for arguing The second model for arguing is argume
2、nts as proofs: warranted 53 6 valid inference and conclusion no 74 8 in the adversarial sense The third model for arguing is 95 10 : the audience is 116 12 in the argument arguments must 137 14 the audience Traits of the argument as war Very dominant: it can shape 158 16 Strong arguments are needed
3、Negative effects include: 179 18 are emphasized winning is the only purpose this type of arguments prevent 1910 20 the worst thing is 2111 22 Implication from arguments as war: 2312 24 e.g. one providing reasons and the other raising 2513 26 the other one is finally persuaded Suggestions on new ways
4、 to 2714 28 of arguments think of new kinds of arguments change roles in arguments 2915 30（分数：15.00）填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_二、SECTION B INTERVI(总题数：2，分数：10.00)Now, listen to the Part One of the interview. Questions 1 to 5 are based on
5、 Part One of the interview. （分数：5.00）A.A Maggies university life.B.Her moms life at Harvard.C.Maggies view on studying with Mom.D.Maggies opinion on her moms major.A.They take exams in the same weeks.B.They have similar lecture notes.C.They apply for the same internship.D.They follow the same fashio
6、n.A.Having roommates.B.Practicing court trails.C.Studying together.D.Taking notes by hand.A.ProtectionB.ImaginationC.ExcitementD.EncouragementA.Thinking of ways to comfort Mom.B.Occasional interference from Mom.C.Ultimately calls when Maggie is busy.D.Frequent check on Maggies grades.Now, listen to
7、the Part Two of the interview. Questions 6 to 10 are based on Part Two of the interview.（分数：5.00）A.Because parents need to be ready for new jobs.B.Because parents love to return to college.C.Because kids require their parents to do so.D.Because kids find it hard to adapt to college life.A.Real estat
8、e agentB.FinancierC.LawyerD.TeacherA.DelightedB.ExcitedC.BoredD.FrustratedA.How to make a cake.B.How to make omelets.C.To accept what is taught.D.To plan a future career.A.UnsuccessfulB.GradualC.FrustratingD.Passionate三、PART II READING (总题数：3，分数：14.00)PASSAGE ONE (1)There was music from my neighbors
9、 house through the summer nights. In his blue gardens men and girls came and went like moths among the whisperings and the champagne and the stars. At high tide in the afternoon I watched his guests diving from the tower of his raft or taking the sun on the hot sand of his beach while his two motor-
10、boats slit the waters of the Sound, drawing aquaplanes（滑水板）over cataracts of foam. On weekends Mr. Gatsbys Rolls-Royce became an omnibus, bearing parties to and from the city between nine in the morning and long past midnight, while his station wagon scampered like a brisk yellow bug to meet all tra
11、ins. And on Mondays eight servants, including an extra gardener, toiled all day with scrubbing-brushes and hammer and garden-shears, repairing the ravages of the night before. (2)Every Friday five crates of oranges and lemons arrived from a fruiterer in New York every Monday these same oranges and l
12、emons left his back door in a pyramid of pulpless halves. There was a machine in the kitchen which could extract the juice of two hundred oranges in half an hour, if a little button was pressed two hundred times by a butlers thumb. (3)At least once a fortnight a corps of caterers came down with seve
13、ral hundred feet of canvas and enough colored lights to make a Christmas tree of Gatsbys enormous garden. On buffet tables, garnished with glistening hors-doeuvre（冷盘）, spiced baked hams crowded against salads of harlequin designs and pastry pigs and turkeys bewitched to a dark gold. In the main hall
14、 a bar with a real brass rail was set up, and stocked with gins and liquors and with cordials（加香甜酒）so long forgotten that most of his female guests were too young to know one from another. (4)By seven oclock the orchestra has arrived no thin five-piece affair but a whole pitful of oboes and trombone
15、s and saxophones and viols and cornets and piccolos and low and high drums. The last swimmers have come in from the beach now and are dressing upstairs; the cars from New York are parked five deep in the drive, and already the halls and salons and verandas are gaudy with primary colors and hair shor
16、n in strange new ways, and shawls beyond the dreams of Castile. The bar is in full swing, and floating rounds of cocktails permeate the garden outside until the air is alive with chatter and laughter and casual innuendo and introductions forgotten on the spot and enthusiastic meetings between women
17、who never knew each others names. (5)The lights grow brighter as the earth lurches away from the sun and now the orchestra is playing yellow cocktail music and the opera of voices pitches a key higher. Laughter is easier, minute by minute, spilled with prodigality, tipped out at a cheerful word. (6)
18、The groups change more swiftly, swell with new arrivals, dissolve and form in the same breath already there are wanderers, confident girls who weave here and there among the stouter and more stable, become for a sharp, joyous moment the center of a group and then excited with triumph glide on throug
19、h the sea-change of faces and voices and color under the constantly changing light. (7)Suddenly one of these gypsies in trembling opal, seizes a cocktail out of the air, dumps it down for courage and moving her hands like Frisco dances out alone on the canvas platform. A momentary hush; the orchestr
20、a leader varies his rhythm obligingly for her and there is a burst of chatter as the erroneous news goes around that she is Gilda Grays understudy from the Folies. The party has begun. (8)I believe that on the first night I went to Gatsbys house I was one of the few guests who had actually been invi
21、ted. People were not invited they went there. They got into automobiles which bore them out to Long Island and somehow they ended up at Gatsbys door. Once there they were introduced by somebody who knew Gatsby, and after that they conducted themselves according to the rules of behavior associated wi
22、th amusement parks. Sometimes they came and went without having met Gatsby at all, came for the party with a simplicity of heart that was its own ticket of admission. (9)I had been actually invited. A chauffeur in a uniform crossed my lawn early that Saturday morning with a surprisingly formal note
23、from his employer the honor would be entirely Gatsbys, it said, if I would attend his “little party” that night. He had seen me several times and had intended to call on me long before but a peculiar combination of circumstances had prevented it signed Jay Gatsby in a majestic hand. (10)Dressed up i
24、n white flannels I went over to his lawn a little after seven and wandered around rather ill-at-ease among swirls and eddies of people I didnt know though here and there was a face I had noticed on the commuting train. I was immediately struck by the number of young Englishmen dotted about; all well
25、 dressed, all looking a little hungry and all talking in low earnest voices to solid and prosperous Americans. I was sure that they were selling something: bonds or insurance or automobiles. They were, at least, agonizingly aware of the easy money in the vicinity and convinced that it was theirs for
26、 a few words in the right key. (11)As soon as I arrived I made an attempt to find my host but the two or three people of whom I asked his whereabouts stared at me in such an amazed way and denied so vehemently any knowledge of his movements that I slunk off in the direction of the cocktail table the
27、 only place in the garden where a single man could linger without looking purposeless and alone. （分数：5.00）(1).It can be inferred form Para. 1 that Mr. Gatsby _ through the summer. （分数：1.00）A.entertained guests from everywhere every weekendB.invited his guests to ride in his Rolls-Royce at weekendsC.
28、liked to show off by letting guests ride in his vehiclesD.indulged himself in parties with people from everywhere(2).In Para.4, the word “permeate” probably means _. （分数：1.00）A.perishB.pushC.penetrateD.perpetrate(3).It can be inferred form Para. 8 that _. （分数：1.00）A.guests need to know Gatsby in ord
29、er to attend his partiesB.people somehow ended up in Gatsbys house as guestsC.Gatsby usually held garden parties for invited guestsD.guests behaved themselves in a rather formal manner(4).According to Para. 10, the author felt _ at Gatsbys party. （分数：1.00）A.dizzyB.dreadfulC.furiousD.awkward(5).What
30、can be concluded from Para.11 about Gatsby? （分数：1.00）A.He was not expected to be present at the parties.B.He was busy receiving and entertaining guests.C.He was usually out of the house at the weekend.D.He was unwilling to meet some of the guests.PASSAGE TWO (1)The Term “CYBERSPACE” was coined by Wi
31、lliam Gibson, a science-fiction writer. He first used it in a short story in 1982, and expanded on it a couple of years later in a novel, “Neuromancer”, whose main character, Henry Dorsett Case, is a troubled computer hacker and drug addict. In the book Mr Gibson describes cyberspace as “a consensua
32、l hallucination experienced daily by billions of legitimate operators” and “a graphic representation of data abstracted from the banks of every computer in the human system.” (2)His literary creation turned out to be remarkably prescient（有先见之明的）. Cyberspace has become shorthand for the computing dev
33、ices, networks, fibre-optic cables, wireless links and other infrastructure that bring the internet to billions of people around the world. The myriad connections forged by these technologies have brought tremendous benefits to everyone who uses the web to tap into humanitys collective store of know
34、ledge every day. (3)But there is a darker side to this extraordinary invention. Data breaches are becoming ever bigger and more common. Last year over 800m records were lost, mainly through such attacks. Among the most prominent recent victims has been Target, whose chief executive, Gregg Steinhafel
35、, stood down from his job in May, a few months after the giant American retailer revealed that online intruders had stolen millions of digital records about its customers, including credit- and debit-card details. Other well-known firms such as Adobe, a tech company, and eBay, an online marketplace,
36、 have also been hit. (4) The potential damage, though, extends well beyond such commercial incursions. Wider concerns have been raised by the revelations about the mass surveillance carried out by Western intelligence agencies made by Edward Snowden, a contractor to Americas National Security Agency
37、 (NSA), as well as by the growing numbers of cyber-warriors being recruited by countries that see cyberspace as a new domain of warfare. Americas president, Barack Obama, said in a White House press release earlier this year that cyber-threats “pose one of the gravest national-security dangers” the
38、country is facing. (5)Securing cyberspace is hard because the architecture of the internet was designed to promote connectivity, not security. Its founders focused on getting it to work and did not worry much about threats because the network was affiliated with Americas military. As hackers turned
39、up, layers of security, from antivirus programs to firewalls, were added to try to keep them at bay. Gartner, a research firm, reckons that last year organizations around the globe spent $67 billion on information security. (6)On the whole, these defenses have worked reasonably well. For all the tal
40、k about the risk of a “cyber 9/11”, the internet has proved remarkably resilient. Hundreds of millions of people turn on their computers every day and bank online, shop at virtual stores, swap gossip and photos with their friends on social networks and send all kinds of sensitive data over the web w
41、ithout ill effect. Companies and governments are shifting ever more services online. (7)But the task is becoming harder. Cyber-security, which involves protecting both data and people, is facing multiple threats, notably cybercrime and online industrial espionage, both of which are growing rapidly.
42、A recent estimate by the Centre for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), puts the annual global cost of digital crime and intellectual-property theft at $445 billion a sum roughly equivalent to the GDP of a smallish rich European country such as Austria. (8)To add to the worries, there is als
43、o the risk of cyber-sabotage. Terrorists or agents of hostile powers could mount attacks on companies and systems that control vital parts of an economy, including power stations, electrical grids and communications networks. Such attacks are hard to pull off, but not impossible. One precedent is th
44、e destruction in 2010 of centrifuges（离心机）at a nuclear facility in Iran by a computer program known as Stuxnet. (9)But such events are rare. The biggest day-to-day threats faced by companies and government agencies come from crooks and spooks hoping to steal financial data and trade secrets. For exam
45、ple, smarter, better-organized hackers are making life tougher for the cyber-defenders, but the report will argue that even so a number of things can be done to keep everyone safer than they are now. (10)One is to ensure that organizations get the basics of cyber-security right. All too often breach
46、es are caused by simple blunders, such as failing to separate systems containing sensitive data from those that do not need access to them. Companies also need to get better at anticipating where attacks may be coming from and at adapting their defences swiftly in response to new threats. Technology
47、 can help, as can industry initiatives that allow firms to share intelligence about risks with each other. (11)There is also a need to provide incentives to improve cyber-security, be they carrots or sticks. One idea is to encourage internet-service providers, or the companies that manage internet c
48、onnections, to shoulder more responsibility for identifying and helping to clean up computers infected with malicious software. Another is to find ways to ensure that software developers produce code with fewer flaws in it so that hackers have fewer security holes to exploit. (12)An additional reason fo
