1、专业英语八级（作文）-试卷80及答案解析 (总分：10.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、WRITING(总题数：5，分数：10.00)1.PART V WRITING（分数：2.00）_2.As Chinas economic development and urbanization spur the largest human migration on the planet, millions of laborers are leaving rural areas to find jobs in the cities. The children of these migrant workers
2、 have fallen into a conspicuous gap in the provision of public education. From the following excerpt, you can find the problem of educating migrants children. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize the situation of education for migrant children, and then 2. gi
3、ve your comment. Educational ChallengesEducation for Migrant Children In recent years, the government has gradually begun to pass laws and design policies to protect the rights of migrants. Migrant children are now allegedly entitled to attend urban schools in their local school districts. Schooling
4、 in urban areas is supposed to be free. However, despite the change in the official line, migrant childrens access to education is still far from routine, and considerable barriers remain. A survey conducted in Beijing recently showed that 25 percent of children whose families have lived in Beijing
5、for at least six years attend public schools, compared to only 5 percent for families who had lived in Beijing for one to three years. Until very recently, public schools charged high fees for migrant students. In addition to financial constraints, migrants also face other barriers to enrolling thei
6、r children in urban public schools. Since migrants tend to live on the outskirts of the city where rent is cheaper, transportation to public schools located in the urban centers can pose a major problem. High demand for enrollment in good public schools also creates serious capacity constraints. Acc
7、ording to interviews, even if migrant children are able to attend public schools, it is clear that they often face discrimination and are very conscious of unfair treatment as second-class citizens. The difficulties migrant children face enrolling in urban public schools have led to the emergence of
8、 privately-run migrant schools, which struggle to fill the educational gap. These migrant schools unlike urban and rural schools (which are relatively high quality or at least improving)are generally plagued by poor teaching, poor facilities, undeveloped curriculum, and high tuition. Migrant schools
9、 were first started in the early 1990s by retired teachers and other concerned individuals because of the need for a viable alternative for migrant children. At first, they were quite informal. Migrant schools were all private and funded themselves by collecting tuition. As the number of migrants ro
10、se, the potential profitability of meeting the growing demand for migrant schools attracted all kinds of entrepreneursincluding some without any background in teaching. Because migrant schools were privately run and mostly unregulated, there were no standards, and education quality varied tremendous
11、ly across individual schools. Teachers in migrant schools are generally second market, those who did not have adequate credentials or experience to obtain jobs in public schools. Many teachers only accept positions at migrant schools to gain experience and resign as soon as they find better work, ca
12、using disruption in their classes when they leave before the end of the school year. Migrant schools desperate for teachers rarely have credential requirements and can only offer very low wages, harsh conditions, very basic food, crude living quarters, and heavy teaching burdens. The quality of faci
13、lities in migrant schools varies widely, but is mostly poor, especially compared to urban public schools. Migrant schools are often overcrowded and use second-hand desks, chairs, and even buildings bought cheaply from public schools.（分数：2.00）_3.Nowadays, many people turn to the Internet to solve a m
14、ultitude of medical quandaries, extending even to the matters of how to find a doctor and access medical treatment. Concerning patients being defrauded of money and sometimes having their condition worsen owing to incorrect diagnoses, the government announced that medical diagnosis and treatment wil
15、l be forbidden online. The hard stance has proved controversial. The following are opinions from both sides. Read the excerpts carefully and write your response in NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the opinions from both sides; 2. give your comment.Medical Service Pro
16、viders Wu Jie: Contrary to popular belief, this field is nothing new. Since the late 1990s, some Western countries have operated online medical treatment systems on a trial basis. The practice was once also banned in Britain, but finally the government had to recognize medical treatment websites fac
17、ing the rising tide of the Internet. Nowadays, online treatment is helping more and more patients in Western countries. Of course, online medical treatment also has shortcomings. Sometimes patients need to have a thorough physical examination, which is near impossible to carry out online. However, i
18、f the medical treatment system is not well managed, problems may occur even when patients attend brick-and-mortar hospitals. Online hospitals are still relatively new in China and thus many areas are in need of improvement. However, this does not justify a wholesale ban on online medical treatment.
19、It should be the market that tests whether this new product is valid or not, rather than it being at the sole discretion. Li Keji: While the traditional medical system is probably overly elaborate and regulated, the Internet is an unknown quantity, carrying risks. Caution is a prerequisite in the pr
20、ocess of employing the Internet in medical treatment. The government means to steer online medical treatment toward accountability and transparency as well as enable it to progress stably. A well-developed online medical treatment system will be a great help to the ongoing medical reform. Peoples he
21、alth is directly correlated with the quality of healthcare they receive, so prudence is a necessity. The governments cautious attitude toward Internet medical treatment is understandable and also in the interest of public health.Patients Wang Junrong: Surprisingly, in this day and age, the governmen
22、t is preventing the public from accessing medical treatment online. Surely the government should standardize and regulate online medical treatment, instead of banning it outright. Besides, it is not something you can easily ban. According to iiMedia Research, now, the mobile health industry in China
23、 had an estimated worth of $300 million. According to its predictions, this figure will reach $2 billion over the next two years. Banning such a lucrative growth area will prove no easy feat. Also, isnt it necessary to first ask the patients whether its OK to stop online medical treatment? Mao Jiang
24、uo: Its natural to see deficiencies in newly born technologies. While there might exist various problems and worries in terms of online medical treatment, is it possible to eradicate all the problems by simply banning it? The government allows online consultation on health, but no medical treatment
25、is allowed. How can you clearly discern medical consultation from medical treatment? What if the treatment is carried out under the guise of consultation? A ban is certainly not the only way to solve the problems plaguing the sector. Concerns about online hospitals tend to center on the capability o
26、f doctors. Thus, if tougher regulations are put in place to punish online doctors who wrongly diagnose patients as is the case in the traditional profession, online hospitals will become much more reliable. Under these circumstances, a ban would not really be necessary.（分数：2.00）_4.Both at home and a
27、broad, more people are turning to crowd funding sites to ask friends, and friends of friends, for help with medical bills, accident costs and much more. An estimated $2.8 billion was raised by all types of crowdfunding websites last year globally. The following article provides more details on this
28、phenomenon. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the article; 2. give your comment. Crowdfunding isnt just for businessman anymore; its moving into all kinds of other spheres, from startups to research to personal causes. And increasingly, people fell
29、ed by illness or injury are using these sites to raise money for their health care. One site thats capitalized on personal-cause crowd funding is GoFundMe. CEO Brad Damphousse says last year alone, the sites users have raised more than $6 million for medical causes, and Medical, Illness & Healing is
30、 the sites most popular category, attracting 17 percent of the sites total donations. Some GoFundMe campaigns in the medical category range from modest requests for $1,000 to cover gas cards for parents to visit their baby son in the NICU, to ambitious goals to raise $200,000 for a medical trust fun
31、d. Damphousse says most users raise funds through people they know and their friends because the site makes it easy for them to broadcast their cause on Facebook and Twitter. And the bigger the social network, the easier it is to reach the goal. But not everyone succeeds. People with small social ne
32、tworks tend to have more trouble meeting their fundraising goals, he says. According to statistics, it appeared that the people who are closest to their goals have at least 200 Facebook friends. Media coverage can also make a big difference. The story of Farrah Soudani, one of the victims of the Aur
33、ora theater shootings, attracted enough publicity that thousands of strangers were inspired to donate. So far 6,800 strangers have sent Soudani money through GoFundMe, much of it in $5 to $20 increments, according to Victoria Albright, a family friend who created the GoFundMe page the night of the s
34、hooting. Its a very easy vehicle to raise money, Albright says. Soudanis page has gotten her $171,540 in donations, still shy of the $200,000 goal. The money so far has gone to pay Soudanis cellphone bill and a shower chair while she recuperates in the hospital; the rest will go toward any medical e
35、xpenses Soudani incurs that arent covered by public assistance. One reason Damphousse thinks strangers help each other on his site is that people like to see the direct impact of their dollars. If youre donating to a big nonprofit, you dont know exactly how your money will be utilized, but on our si
36、te you might be thanked personally by the recipient, says Damphousse. But are these sites ripe for fraud? We do have cheaters signing up, Damphousse admits. He has an internal team that vets every page, looking for hucksters, and shuts them down. One user of GoFundMe managed to fool the companyalong
37、 with his friends and familyand raised $2,000 around a false claim that he had cancer. The site also encourages transparency by revealing the email account associated with the payment account. Potential donors can also see who else has donated lately. Medical institutions are getting into the crowd
38、funding spirit, too. As Business Week has reported, the Rare Genomics Institute is helping children with mysterious illnesses solicit money online to pay for the sequencing of their genes.（分数：2.00）_5.From the anti-utopia writings of Aldous Huxley and H. G. Wells to movies like Matrix, the rise of th
39、e machine has long terrified mankind. There are also thinkers who think artificial intelligence (AI) is a real danger. The following article introduces an Oxford academics warning that humanity runs the risk of creating super intelligent computers that eventually destroy human. Write an article of N
40、O LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly the article; 2. give your comment. Dr Stuart Armstrong, of the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University, has predicted a future where machines run by artificial intelligence become so indispensable in human lives they eventual
41、ly make us redundant and take over. And he says his alarming vision could happen as soon as the next few decades. Dr Armstrong said: Humans steer the future not because were the strongest or the fastest, but because were the smartest. When machines become smarter than humans, well be handing them th
42、e steering wheel. Dr Armstrong envisages machines capable of harnessing such large amounts of computing power, and at speeds inconceivable to the human brain, that they will eventually create global networks with each othercommunicating without human interference. It is at that point that what is ca
43、lled Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)in contrast to computers that carry out specific, limited, tasks, such as driverless carswill be able to take over entire transport systems, national economies, financial markets, healthcare systems and product distribution. Anything you can imagine the huma
44、n race doing over the next 100 years theres the possibility AGI will do very, very fast, he said. But while handing over mundane tasks to machines may initially appear attractive, it contains within it the seeds of our own destruction. In attempting to limit the powers of such super AGIs mankind cou
45、ld unwittingly be signing its own death warrant He warns that it will be difficult to tell whether a machine is developing in a benign or deadly direction. He says an AI would always appear to act in a way that was beneficial to humanity, making itself useful and indispensablemuch like the iPhones S
46、iri, which answers questions and performs simple organisational tasksuntil the moment it could logically take over all functions. As AIs get more powerful anything that is solvable by cognitive processes, such as ill health, cancer, depression, boredom, becomes solvable, he says. And we are almost a
47、t the point of generating an AI that is as intelligent as humans. Dr Armstrong says mankind is now involved in a race to create safe AI before it is too late.Plans for safe AI must be developed before the first dangerous AI is created, he writes in his book Smarter Than Us: The Rise of Machine Intel
48、ligence. The software industry is worth many billions of dollars, and much effort is being devoted to new AI technologies. Plans to slow down this rate of development seem unrealistic. So we have to race toward the distant destination of safe AI and get there fast, outrunning the progress of the computer industry. One solution to the dangers of untrammelled AI suggested by industry experts and researchers is to teach super computers a moral code. Unfortunat
