1、专业英语八级（作文）-试卷74及答案解析 (总分：10.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、WRITING(总题数：5，分数：10.00)1.PART V WRITING（分数：2.00）_2.Euthanasia is the deliberate advancement of a persons death for the benefit of that person. In most cases euthanasia is carried out because the person who is usually terminally ill asks to die. It can be ca
2、rried out either by doing something, such as administering a lethal injection, or by not doing something necessary to keep the person alive. The following are opinions on the necessity of legalizing euthanasia. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize the argumen
3、ts, and then 2. express your opinion towards euthanasia, especially whether it should be legalized.Bonnie Malkin, Professor of Ave Maria School of Law Our legal system accepts that people have a legal right to choose when to die, as demonstrated by the fact that suicide is legal. This right is denie
4、d to those who are incapable of taking their own lives unaided. Legalising euthanasia would redress this balance. Our legal system also recognises that assisting a suicide attempt is a crime. Human beings are independent biological entities, and as an adult, have the right to take and carry out deci
5、sions about themselves. A human being decides who they spend their life with, their career path, where they live, whether to bear children. So what is the harm in allowing a terminally ill patient to decide for themselves whether they die in a hospital or in their own home? Surely a terminally ill s
6、ufferer is better qualified to decide for themselves whether they are better off dead or alive? Their disease makes them so crippled they cannot commit suicide alone. A quote from The Independent in this March stated that So long as the patient is lucid, and his or her intent is clear beyond doubt,
7、there need be no further questions. Human beings should be as free as possible and unnecessary restraints on human rights are strongly discouraged.Luke Gormally, first Research Officer of The Linacre Centre The prestigious position of doctors could quite easily be abused if euthanasia were to become
8、 legalised. A prime example of this would be the late Dr Harold Shipman, who killed between 215 and 260 elderly women. Vulnerable, ill people trust their doctor and if he confidently suggested a course of action, it could be hard to resist. A patient and his family would generally decide in favour o
9、f euthanasia according to the details fed to them by their doctor. These details may not even be well founded: diagnoses can be mistaken and new treatment developed which the doctor does not know about. Surely it is wrong to give one or two individuals the right to decide whether a patient should li
10、ve or die. On the contrary, the majority of doctors would make well-informed, responsible and correct decisions, but for those few like Harold Shipman, they can get away with murder, undetected, for 23 years.Gina Barton, American journalist If a terminal patient faces a long, slow, painful death, su
11、rely it is much kinder to spare them this kind of suffering and allow them to end their life comfortably. Pain medications used to alleviate symptoms often have unpleasant side effects or may leave the patient in a state of sedation. It is not as if they are really living during this time; they are
12、merely waiting to die. They should have the right to avoid this kind of torturous existence and be allowed to die in a humane way.（分数：2.00）_3.A surrogate mother is a woman who carries a child, usually for an infertile couple. There are two types of surrogacy, traditional and gestational. The traditi
13、onal type of surrogacy involves the surrogate mother being inseminated with the sperm of the intended father. In gestational surrogacy, eggs and sperm are extracted from the donors and implanted into the surrogate. Despite of its benefits, surrogacy is only legalized in few states, like the US and I
14、ndia. The following article illustrates the reason of banning surrogacy in France. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 800 words, in which you should: 1. summarize the article briefly, and then 2. express your opinion towards surrogacy, especially whether it should be legalized. Why Has France Banned S
15、urrogate Motherhood? Shortly after it emerged in the 1980s, surrogate motherhood was dealt a severe blow in France by a decision of its highest civil court. In 1991, it ruled that an agreement entered into by a woman to conceive, bear a child, and relinquish it at birth, albeit for benign reasons, w
16、as contrary to the public policy principle of unavailability of both the human body and civil status. This prohibition was confirmed in the Bioethics Act of 1994. In the last few years the issue of legalizing gestational surrogacy has resurfaced for many reasons. First of all, there is growing deman
17、d for autonomy, particularly with regards to individual life choices. There is also a persistent specific demand from women whose infertility is related to congenital malformation, cancer surgery, postpartum hemorrhage, or exposure to Distilbene. Last but not least, people can turn to international
18、surrogacy in the United States or in countries such as Ukraine and India where specialized clinics operate for foreigners. Today, however, the prohibition of surrogate motherhood is still supported by a majority of French citizens. It is justified by ethical concerns regarding the child, the surroga
19、te mother, and society as a whole. Firstly, children may be psychologically at risk in such transactions. Ignoring or denying the effects of pregnancy and the mother-child relationship on the childs future could well be damaging for him or her as well as for the intended parents; and children could
20、become commodities traded as merchandise between surrogate mothers and infertile couples. Secondly, even aside from the physical risks of pregnancy, the gestational mother is exposed to two dangers: becoming attached to the child and suffering from the separation after birth, since she knows that, f
21、or her, childbirth will mean an end rather than a beginning. France is also concerned about the fact that there is an inherent social division in this practice: surrogate mothers are usually from lower economic backgrounds and can be economically exploited in this transaction. Thirdly, surrogacy cou
22、ld threaten the symbolic image of women and the principle of human dignity that enjoys constitutional recognition. In France, dignity is often regarded as an obligation that individuals owe themselves to remain worthy of their human condition. Individuals are free to decide what constitutes their ow
23、n dignity provided the dignity of others is not harmed. While it is highly plausible that some surrogates are acting entirely of their own free will, it is still wrong for society to accept a form of alienation, however voluntary.（分数：2.00）_4.Death penalty or not? That is a question facing judges who
24、 handle child-trafficking cases these days. Lately, calls on social media to hand down capital punishment to anyone involved in child trafficking triggered a heated debate on the appropriate punishment for such offenses. From the following excerpts, you can find that there seems to be a contradictio
25、n of opinions between netizens and jurists. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize the opinions from both sides, and then 2. express your opinion towards this campaign, especially whether child traffickers should be sentenced to death.Excerpt 1 Lately, an appea
26、l to institute the death penalty against all those convicted of child trafficking has gained a significant following online and launched a substantial debate on the subject. The campaign was initiated with a photo captioned: China should change its legislation on child trafficking. People traffickin
27、g children should be sentenced to death. Why should they be given a second chance when the children they harmed dont get any? In less than two days, the post has been viewed more than 1.5 million times on Weibo and has been shared by thousands of supporters on WeChat. A recent poll on Sina found tha
28、t 88.3 percent of the more than 21,000 respondents were unsatisfied with Chinas crackdown on child trafficking with 92.5 percent recommending that the same punishment imposed on traffickers should also be applied to buyers in order to stop the lucrative trade in children. Chen Shiqu, director of the
29、 anti-human-trafficking office under the Criminal Investigation Department at the Ministry of Public Security, is well-known online as Chinas top official in charge of fighting human traffickers. Chen wrote in a micro blog that defendants in major child-trafficking cases should be sentenced to death
30、 to deter such crimes. He said judicial authorities have handed down punishment to child traffickers, resulting in rampant occurrences of such crimes. Appropriately using the death penalty on those who commit harmful crimes will effectively curb such crimes, he said.Excerpt 2 Not all law experts and
31、 lawyers agree that the death penalty is appropriate for all child traffickers. Gu Yongzhong, professor at the China University of Political Science and Law, argued that its effect would be limited It doesnt mean that if we draft a special law to stipulate severe punishment, such as issuing death se
32、ntence, on traffickers, such crimes may dramatically decline, Gu said. Some are worried that sentencing all human traffickers to death would remove the difference of penalties for two groups of traffickersthose who trafficked children but didnt harm them, and those who hurt and even killed victims.
33、Wang Jin, a graduate student majoring in criminal procedure laws at Renmin University of China, and a mother of a 2-year-old girl, said: I personally hate child traffickers. But if the judicial authorities sentence them all to death, abducted children could fall into danger and the suspects may beco
34、me so desperate that they seriously injury or even kill the children, which will make it harder for the police to arrest them. Zheng Kai, a Beijing criminal lawyer, said: We can learn from other countries, where criminal offenses havent risen although they abolished the death penally. Abolishing the
35、 death penalty is a worldwide trend.（分数：2.00）_5.Being able to choose the sex of children in advance is nothing newparents undergoing IVF treatment for infertility have been able to cherry-pick male or female embryos for implantation at US clinics for some time. However, there is a ban on sex selecti
36、on in many countries. Stephen Wilkinson, Professor of Bioethics at Keele University, illustrates his viewpoint on the issue in the following article. Read it carefully and write your response in NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize briefly Wilkinsons opinion; 2. give your commen
37、t. For millennia, people have sought to influence the gender of their offspring and there are numerous folk myths about, for example, the effect of different sexual positions or foods on your babys sex. Nowadays there are some much more reliable methods, like preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD).
38、 This involves creating several embryos outside the body and implanting only male or female ones. Another option is sperm sorting, which involves dividing a sperm sample into male and female subgroups. I believe that we should allow sex selection in the UK within the context of our carefully regulat
39、ed reproductive medicine sector. In some other parts of the world, sex selection is available on demand, provided that you are able and willing to pay for it. In the UK, it is not. Available evidence suggests that, in Western Europe, the number of parents preferring boys is roughly the same as the n
40、umber preferring girls. As well as concerns about population sex ratio, people often cite moral objections to sex selection, like saying children should be regarded as gifts meaning there should be no attempt by parents to pick and choose their characteristics. Others say sex selection is sexist and
41、 that allowing it here would make it harder for countries where a ban on sex selection may well be justified to resist All of these arguments can be countered. Firstly, should parents regard their children as gifts? Children are not literally gifts, or if they are, from God perhaps, then they are no
42、 more gifts than other positive things in life.Yet we dont, in general, say that its wrong to attempt to shape lifes positive things by, for example, choosing a career, or a house, or a partner. Secondly, sex selection is not necessarily sexist. While there are no doubt some prospective parents who
43、think that men are superior to women (or vice versa), for most the choice is just a preference. A pertinent example here is whats called family balancingwhere a family that already has three boys wants to add a girl to even things up. Finally, the fear that allowing sex selection here would open the
44、 floodgates elsewhere is unfounded. Considering that sex selection in other countries is already happening on a grand scale anyway, despite the fact that the UK does not allow social sex selection. Our setting a good example by prohibiting sex selection does not seem to be making much difference. So
45、, while I am not a sex selection enthusiast, and certainly dont think that it should be encouraged or paid for by the NHS (except to avoid sex-linked disease) the arguments for prohibiting it are not as strong as they may at first appear. There is real cost and harm attached to the ban: some people
46、are distressed by not being able to have the family of their choice, while others are forced to turn to seeking treatment overseas. I believe that we should allow sex selection in the UK within the context of our carefully regulated reproductive medicine sector.（分数：2.00）_专业英语八级（作文）-试卷74答案解析 (总分：10.0
47、0，做题时间：90分钟)一、WRITING(总题数：5，分数：10.00)1.PART V WRITING（分数：2.00）_解析：2.Euthanasia is the deliberate advancement of a persons death for the benefit of that person. In most cases euthanasia is carried out because the person who is usually terminally ill asks to die. It can be carried out either by doing something, such as administering a lethal injection, or by not doing something necessary to keep the person alive. The following are opinions on the necessity of legalizing euthanasia. Write an article of NO LESS THAN 300 words, in which you should: 1. summarize the arguments, an
