1、专业英语八级30及答案解析 (总分：77.00，做题时间：120分钟)一、PART I LISTENING (总题数：1，分数：1.00)Meaning in Literature In reading literary works, we are concerned with the meaning of one literary piece or another. However, finding out what something really means is a difficult issue. There are three ways to tackle meaning in l
2、iterature. I. Meaning is what is intended by (1) 1. Apart from reading an authors work in question, readers need to 1) read (2) 2by the same author; 2) get familiar with ( 3 ) 3at the time; 3 ) get to know cultural values and symbols of the time. II. Meaning exists in the text itself. 1) some people
3、s view: meaning is produced by the formal properties of the text like (4) 4,etc. 2) speakers view: meaning is created by both conventions of meaning and ( 5 ) 5. Therefore, agreement on meaning could be created by common traditions and conventions of usage. But different time periods & different (6)
4、 6 perspectives could lead to different interpretations of meaning in context. III. Meaning is created by (7) 7. 1) meaning is ( 8 ) 8; 2) meaning is contextual; 3) meaning requires (9) 9; practicing competency in reading practicing other competencies background research in (10) 10, etc. （分数：1.00）填空
5、项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_二、SECTION B INTERVI(总题数：1，分数：1.00)(1).In the first incident, the couple had planned to spend their weekend together_.（分数：0.20）A.in BostonB.in New YorkC.in OsloD.in Washington(2).The couple foiled to meet each other as previously arranged due
6、to_.（分数：0.20）A.the wifes early arrivalB.the husbands late arrivalC.a computer errorD.the receptionists negligence(3).The 100-page-long leaflet the man speaker got at Oslo Airport contains_.（分数：0.20）A.funny information about restaurantsB.quite boring information about restaurantsC.totally useless inf
7、ormation about restaurantsD.insufficient information about restaurants(4).The suitcase of the woman speakers colleague was blown up by the security police probably because（分数：0.20）A.it failed to pass the security checkB.it was suspected of containing a bombC.it contained dirty disease-carrying cloth
8、esD.it was suspected of containing smuggled goods(5).After finally boarding the faulty plane in the Far East, the passengers all felt_.（分数：0.20）A.nervous and worriedB.sorry but helplessC.sick and scaredD.cheated and angry三、SECTION C NEWS BR(总题数：2，分数：1.00)(1)._has NOT listed Hezbollah as a terrorist
9、organization yet.（分数：0.17）A.CanadaB.European UnionC.IsraelD.the United States(2).Before Sundays vote, Hezbollah had _legislative seats in south Lebanon.（分数：0.17）A.4B.9C.19D.23(3).From the news report, we can infer that UN Security Council Resolution 1559 made a decision that（分数：0.17）A.demand that He
10、zbollah be disarmedB.Lebanon have a parliamentary electionC.Syria withdraw its army from LebanonD.the murder of Rafik Hariri be investigated2.The primary purpose of the US anti-smoking legislation is（分数：0.50）A.to tighten control on tobacco advertising.B.to impose penalties on tobacco companies.C.to
11、start a national anti-smoking campaign.D.to ensure the health of American children.四、PART II GENERAL K(总题数：10，分数：10.00)3. _is defined as an expression of human emotion which is condensed into fourteen lines. _.（分数：1.00）A.Free verseB.SonnetC.OdeD.Epigram4. The words kid, child, offspring are examples
12、 of_.（分数：1.00）A.dialectal synonyms.B.stylistic synonyms.C.emotive synonyms.D.collocational synonyms.5. The speech act theory was first put forward by_.（分数：1.00）A.John Searle.B.John Austin.C.Noam Chomsky.D.M. A. K. Halliday.6. Syntax is the study of_.（分数：1.00）A.language functions.B.sentence structure
13、s.C.textual organization.D.word formation.7. William Sidney Porter known as O. Henry, is most famous for_.（分数：1.00）A.his poems.B.his plays.C.his short stories.D.his novels.8. The novel For Whom the Bell Tolls is written by_.（分数：1.00）A.Scott Fitzgerald.B.William Faulkner.C.Eugene ONeill.D.Ernest Hemi
14、ngway.9. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is the notion of_.（分数：1.00）A.reference.B.meaning.C.antonymy.D.context.10. The Prime Minister in Britain is head of_.（分数：1.00）A.the Shadow Cabinet.B.the Parliament.C.the Opposition.D.the Cabinet.11. Which of the following writers is a p
15、oet of the 20th century?（分数：1.00）A.T.S.Eliot.B.D. H.Lawrence.C.Theodore Dreiser.D.James Joyce.12. _is the capital city of Canada.（分数：1.00）A.VancouverB.OttawaC.MontrealD.York五、PART III READING (总题数：4，分数：4.00) Conflict And Competition The question of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerne
16、d many of the worlds great writers. Before considering the question, it will be useful to introduce some related concepts. Conflict, defined as opposition among social entities directed against one another, is distinguished from competition, defined as opposition among social entities independently
17、striving for something which is in inadequate supply. Competitors may not be aware of one another, while the parties to a conflict are. Conflict and competition are both categories of opposition, which has been defined as a process by which social entities function in the disservice of one another.
18、Opposition is thus contrasted with cooperation, the process by which social entities function in the service of one another. These definitions are necessary because it is important to emphasize that competition between individuals or groups is inevitable in a world of limited resources, but conflict
19、 is not. Conflict, nevertheless, is very likely to occur, and is probably an essential and desirable element of human societies. Many authors have argued for the inevitability of war from the premise that in the struggle for existence among animal species, only the fittest survive. In general, howev
20、er, this struggle in nature is competition, not conflict. Social animals, such as monkeys and cattle, fight to win or maintain leadership of the group. The struggle for existence occurs not in fights, but in the competition for limited feeding areas and for the occupancy of areas free from meat-eati
21、ng animals. Those who fail in this competition starve to death or become victims to other species. The struggle for existence does not resemble human war, but rather the competition for the necessities of life that are insufficient to satisfy all. Among nations there is competition in developing res
22、ources, trades, skills, and a satisfactory way of life. The successful nations grow and prosper, the unsuccessful decline while it is true that this competition may induce efforts to expand territory at the expense of others, and thus lead to conflict, it cannot be said that war-like conflict among
23、other nations is inevitable, although competition is. （分数：1.00）(1).According to the author which of the following is inevitable?（分数：0.50）A.War.B.Conflict.C.Competition.D.Cooperation.(2).In the animal kingdom the struggle for existence（分数：0.50）A.is evidence of the inevitability of conflict among the
24、fittest.B.arises from a need to live in groups.C.is evidence of the need to compete for scarce resources.D.arises from a natural desire to fight.Low self-esteem pops up regularly in academic reports as an explanation for all sorts of violence, from hate crimes and street crimes to terrorism. But des
25、pite the popularity of the explanation, not much evidence backs it up. In a recent issue of Psychological Review, three researchers examine this literature at length and conclude that a much stronger link connects high self-esteem to violence. It is difficult to maintain belief in the low self-estee
26、m view after seeing that the more violent groups are generally the ones with higher self-esteem, write Roy Baumeister of Case Western Reserve University and Laura Smart and Joseph Boden of the University of Virginia. The conventional view is that people without self-esteem try to gain it by hurting
27、others. The researchers find that violence is much more often the work of people with unrealistically high self-esteem attacking others who challenge their self-image. Under this umbrella come bullies, rapists, racists, psychopaths and members of street gangs and organized crime. The study concludes
28、, Certain forms of high self-esteem seem to increase ones proneness to violence. An uncritical endorsement of the cultural value of self-esteem may therefore be counterproductive and even dangerous. The societal pursuit of high self- esteem for everyone may literally end up doing considerable harm.
29、As for prison programs intended to make violent convicts feel better aboutthemselves, perhaps it would be better to try instilling modesty and humility, the researchers write. In an interview with the Boston Globe, Baumeister said he believes the self- promoting establishment is starting to crumble.
30、 What would work better for the country is to forget about self-esteem and concentrate on self-control, he said. In the schools, this would mean turning away from psychic boosterism and emphasizing self-esteem as a by-product of real achievement, not as an end in itself. The self-esteem movement, st
31、ill entrenched in schools of education, is deeply implicated in the dumbing down of our schools, and in the spurious equality behind the idea that it is a terrible psychic blow if one student does any better or any worse than another. Lets hope it is indeed crumbling. （分数：1.00）(1).The researchers fi
32、nd that there are stronger connections between（分数：0.50）A.low self-esteem and violence.B.low self-cotrol and violence.C.high self-image and violence.D.high self-control and violence.(2).The researchers would most probably agree with the following EXCEPT（分数：0.50）A.self-esteem should be promoted and en
33、couragedB.schools should change their concept of self-esteem.C.the traditional view is beginning to lose groundD.prisons should change their present practice.Hostility to Gypsies has existed almost from the time they first appeared in Europe in the 14th century. The origins of the Gypsies, with litt
34、le written history, were shrouded in mystery. What is known now from clues in the various dialects of their language, Romany, is that they came from northern India to the Middle East a thousand years ago, working as minstrels and mercenaries, metalsmiths and servants. Europeans misnamed them Egyptia
35、ns, soon shortened to Gypsies. A clan system, based mostly on their traditional crafts and geography, has made them a deeply fragmented and fractious people, only really unifying in the face of enmity from non-Gypsies, whom they call gadje. Today many Gypsy activists prefer to be called Roma, which
36、comes from the Romany word for man. But on my travels among them most still referred to themselves as Gypsies. In Europe their persecution by the gadje began quickly, with the church seeing heresy in their fortune-telling and the state seeing anti-social behaviour in their nomadism. At various times
37、 they have been forbidden to wear their distinctive bright clothes, to speak their own language, to travel, to marry one another, or to ply their traditional crafts. In some countries they were reduced to slaveryit wasnt until the mid-1800s that Gypsy slaves were freed in Romania. In more recent tim
38、es the Gypsies were caught up in Nazi ethnic hysteria, and perhaps half a million perished in the Holocaust. Their horses have been shot and the wheels removed from their wagons, their names have been changed, their women have been sterilized, and their children have been forcibly given for adoption
39、 to non-Gypsy families. But the Gypsies have confounded predictions of their disappearance as a distinct ethnic group, and their numbers have burgeoned. Today there are an estimated 8 to 12 million Gypsies scattered across Europe, making them the continents largest minority. The exact number is hard
40、 to pin down. Gypsies have regularly been undercounted, both by regimes anxious to downplay their profile and by Gypsies themselves, seeking to avoid bureaucracies. Attempting to remedy past inequities, activist groups may overcount. Hundreds of thousands more have emigrated to the Americas and else
41、where. With very few exceptions Gypsies have expressed no great desire for a country to call their own unlike the Jews, to whom the Gypsy experience is often compared. Romanestan, said Ronald Lee, the Canadian Gypsy writer. is where my two feet stand. （分数：0.99）(1).Gypsies are united only when they（分
42、数：0.33）A.are engaged in traditional crafts.B.call themselves RomaC.live under a clan system.D.face external threats.(2).In history hostility to Gypsies in Europe resulted in their persecution by all the following EXCEPT （分数：0.33）A.the Egyptians.B.the state.C.the church.D.the Nazis.(3).According to t
43、he passage, the main difference between the Gypsies and the Jews lies in their concepts of （分数：0.33）A.language.B.culture.C.identity.D.custom.I was just a boy when my father brought me to Harlem for the first time, almost 50 years ago. We stayed at the Hotel Theresa, a grand brick structure at 125th
44、Street and Seventh Avenue. Once, in the hotel restaurant, my father pointed out Joe Louis. He even got Mr. Brown, the hotel manager, to introduce me to him, a bit paunchy but still the champ as far as I was concerned. Much has changed since then. Business and real estate are booming. Some say a new
45、renaissance is under way. Others decry what they see as outside forces running roughshod over the old Harlem. New York meant Harlem to me, and as a young man I visited it whenever I could. But many of my old haunts are gone. The Theresa shut down in 1996. National chains that once ignored Harlem now
46、 anticipate yuppie money and want pieces of this prime Manhattan real estate. So here I am on a hot August afternoon, sitting in a Starbucks that two years ago opened a block away from the Theresa, snatching at memories between sips of high-priced coffee. I am about to open up a piece of the old Har
47、lem the New York Amsterdam News when a tourist asking directions to Sylvias, a prominent Harlem restaurant, penetrates my daydreaming. Hes carrying a book: Touring Historic Harlem. History. I miss Mr. Michauxs bookstore, his House of Common Sense, which was across from the Theresa. He had a big billboard out front with brown and black faces painted on it that said in large letters: World History Book Outlet
