1、专业英语八级（改错）-试卷202及答案解析 (总分：80.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、LANGUAGE USAGE(总题数：4，分数：80.00)1.PART III LANGUAGE USAGE（分数：20.00）_It is of course true that in a certain sense the individual is predestined to talk, but that is due entirely to the circumstance, that is, he is born not merely in nature, but in the lap of
2、a societythat is certain, reasonably certain, to lead him to their traditions. 1Eliminate society and it is every reason to believe that he will 2learn to walk, and, indeed, he will survive at all. But it is justas certain as that he will never learn to talk, that is, to 3communicate ideas according
3、 to the tradition system of a 4particular society. Or, again, remove the newborn individual from the social environment into which he has come and transplant him to an utterly alien one. He will develop the art ofwalking in his new environment very much as he will have 5developed it in the old. But
4、his speech will completely at variance 6with the speech of his native environment. Walking, then, is a general human activity that varies only within circumscribed limitsas we pass from individual to individual. Its variability is voluntary 7and purposeless. Speech is a human activity that varies wi
5、thout assignable limit as we pass from social group to social group,because it is a pure historical heritage of the group, the product of 8long-continued social usage. It varies as all creative effort varies not as consciously, perhaps, but none the less as truly as do thereligions, the beliefs, the
6、 customs, and the arts of different people. 9Walking is an organic, an instinctive function(not, of course,itself an instinct); speech is a non-instinctive, acquiring, 10cultural function.（分数：20.00）填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_Humans are thought to be responsible for a
7、 large number of environmental problems, ranging from global warming to ozonedepletion. That is not in doubt, however, is the devastating effect 1humans are having on the animals and plants of the planet. Currently, an estimated 50,000 species become extinct eachyear. If this takes on, the impact on
8、 all living creatures is likely to 2be profound. All species depend in some way each other to survive. 3If you remove one species from this very complex web of interrelationships, you have very little idea about the knock-oneffects on the ecosystem. However, if you lose a key species, you 4might cau
9、se a whole flood of other extinctions. The most complicating matter is the fact in that there is no 5obvious solution to the problem. Unlike global warming and ozonedepletionwhich, if the political will is there, could be reduced by 6cutting gas emissionspreserving bio-diversity remains an intractab
10、le problem. The late idea is sustainable management , which involves 7using any species for human beings benefit, provide enough 8individuals of that species are left alive to ensure its continued existence. Sustainable management is seen as a practical andeconomic way of protecting species from ext
11、inction. Instead of 9depending on largely ineffective laws against illegal hunting, it gives local people a good economic reason to preserve plants and animals. This sounds like a sensible strategy, but it remains to be seen whether it will work. With corruption popular in many developing countries,
12、 some observers are suspicious that the money willactually reach people it is intended for. Others wonder how effective 10the locals will be at stopping illegal hunters.（分数：20.00）填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_Most economies in the United States seem captivated by the sp
13、ell of the free market. Consequently, nothing seems good ornormal which does not accord with the requirements of the free 1market. A price that is determined by the seller or, for that matter,establishing by anyone other than the aggregate of consumers 2seemly harmful. Accordingly, it requires a maj
14、or act of will to think 3of price-fixing(the determination of prices by the seller)as bothnormal or having a valuable economic function. In fact, price-fixing 4is normal at all industrialized societies if the industrial system itself 5provides, as an effortless consequence of its own development, th
15、eprice-fixing that they requires. Modern industrial planning requires 6and rewards great size. Hence, a comparatively small number of large firms will be competing for the same group of consumers. Each large firm will act with full consideration of the needs that it has inthe common with other large
16、 firms competing for the same 7customers. Each large firm will nevertheless avoid significant price- 8cutting, because price-cutting would be prejudicial to the common interest in a stable demand for products. Most economists do not see price-fixing when it occurs because they expect it to be brough
17、tabout by number of explicit agreements among large firms; it is not. 9 Moreover, those economists who argue that allowing the free market to operate without interference is the most efficient method ofestablishing prices has not considered the economies of non-socialist 10countries other than the U
18、nited States. These economies employ intentional price-fixing, usually in an overt fashion.（分数：20.00）填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_专业英语八级（改错）-试卷202答案解析 (总分：80.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、LANGUAGE USAGE(总题数：4，分数：80.00)1.PART III LANGUAGE USAGE（分数：20.00）_解析：It is of course true that i
19、n a certain sense the individual is predestined to talk, but that is due entirely to the circumstance, that is, he is born not merely in nature, but in the lap of a societythat is certain, reasonably certain, to lead him to their traditions. 1Eliminate society and it is every reason to believe that
20、he will 2learn to walk, and, indeed, he will survive at all. But it is justas certain as that he will never learn to talk, that is, to 3communicate ideas according to the tradition system of a 4particular society. Or, again, remove the newborn individual from the social environment into which he has
21、 come and transplant him to an utterly alien one. He will develop the art ofwalking in his new environment very much as he will have 5developed it in the old. But his speech will completely at variance 6with the speech of his native environment. Walking, then, is a general human activity that varies
22、 only within circumscribed limitsas we pass from individual to individual. Its variability is voluntary 7and purposeless. Speech is a human activity that varies without assignable limit as we pass from social group to social group,because it is a pure historical heritage of the group, the product of
23、 8long-continued social usage. It varies as all creative effort varies not as consciously, perhaps, but none the less as truly as do thereligions, the beliefs, the customs, and the arts of different people. 9Walking is an organic, an instinctive function(not, of course,itself an instinct); speech is
24、 a non-instinctive, acquiring, 10cultural function.（分数：20.00）填空项1:_（正确答案：theirits）填空项1:_（正确答案：itthere）填空项1:_（正确答案：第二个as一去掉as）填空项1:_（正确答案：tradition一traditional）填空项1:_（正确答案：will一would）填空项1:_（正确答案：will一be）填空项1:_（正确答案：voluntaryinvoluntary）填空项1:_（正确答案：purepurely）填空项1:_（正确答案：peoplepeoples）填空项1:_（正确答案：acqu
25、iringacquired）解析：解析：非谓语动词误用。acquire和speech之间是动宾关系，故应使用过去分词形式acquired作后置定语，意为“后天习得的”。此处意为“讲话是一种非本能的、后天习得的文化性的能力。”Humans are thought to be responsible for a large number of environmental problems, ranging from global warming to ozonedepletion. That is not in doubt, however, is the devastating effect 1
26、humans are having on the animals and plants of the planet. Currently, an estimated 50,000 species become extinct eachyear. If this takes on, the impact on all living creatures is likely to 2be profound. All species depend in some way each other to survive. 3If you remove one species from this very c
27、omplex web of interrelationships, you have very little idea about the knock-oneffects on the ecosystem. However, if you lose a key species, you 4might cause a whole flood of other extinctions. The most complicating matter is the fact in that there is no 5obvious solution to the problem. Unlike globa
28、l warming and ozonedepletionwhich, if the political will is there, could be reduced by 6cutting gas emissionspreserving bio-diversity remains an intractable problem. The late idea is sustainable management , which involves 7using any species for human beings benefit, provide enough 8individuals of t
29、hat species are left alive to ensure its continued existence. Sustainable management is seen as a practical andeconomic way of protecting species from extinction. Instead of 9depending on largely ineffective laws against illegal hunting, it gives local people a good economic reason to preserve plant
30、s and animals. This sounds like a sensible strategy, but it remains to be seen whether it will work. With corruption popular in many developing countries, some observers are suspicious that the money willactually reach people it is intended for. Others wonder how effective 10the locals will be at st
31、opping illegal hunters.（分数：20.00）填空项1:_（正确答案：ThatWhat）填空项1:_（正确答案：takescarriesgoes）填空项1:_（正确答案：each一on）填空项1:_（正确答案：However一Therefore）填空项1:_（正确答案：in一去掉in）填空项1:_（正确答案：iswere）填空项1:_（正确答案：latelatest）填空项1:_（正确答案：provideprovidedproviding）填空项1:_（正确答案：economiceconomical）填空项1:_（正确答案：peoplethe）解析：解析：冠词缺失。此处的p
32、eople后面有一个省略了that的定语从句，特指某一类人，因此应该在其前加上定冠词作为限定。Most economies in the United States seem captivated by the spell of the free market. Consequently, nothing seems good ornormal which does not accord with the requirements of the free 1market. A price that is determined by the seller or, for that matter,
33、establishing by anyone other than the aggregate of consumers 2seemly harmful. Accordingly, it requires a major act of will to think 3of price-fixing(the determination of prices by the seller)as bothnormal or having a valuable economic function. In fact, price-fixing 4is normal at all industrialized
34、societies if the industrial system itself 5provides, as an effortless consequence of its own development, theprice-fixing that they requires. Modern industrial planning requires 6and rewards great size. Hence, a comparatively small number of large firms will be competing for the same group of consum
35、ers. Each large firm will act with full consideration of the needs that it has inthe common with other large firms competing for the same 7customers. Each large firm will nevertheless avoid significant price- 8cutting, because price-cutting would be prejudicial to the common interest in a stable dem
36、and for products. Most economists do not see price-fixing when it occurs because they expect it to be broughtabout by number of explicit agreements among large firms; it is not. 9 Moreover, those economists who argue that allowing the free market to operate without interference is the most efficient
37、 method ofestablishing prices has not considered the economies of non-socialist 10countries other than the United States. These economies employ intentional price-fixing, usually in an overt fashion.（分数：20.00）填空项1:_（正确答案：which一that）填空项1:_（正确答案：establishingestablished）填空项1:_（正确答案：seemlyseems）填空项1:_（正确答案：or一and）填空项1:_（正确答案：ifbecause）填空项1:_（正确答案：theyit）填空项1:_（正确答案：第一个the去掉the）填空项1:_（正确答案：neverthelessthustherefore）填空项1:_（正确答案：numbera）填空项1:_（正确答案：hashave）解析：解析：主谓不一致。此句的主语和谓语距离较远，容易产生误解，主语是those economists，中间的成分是修饰主语的定语从句，谓语应该用复数have。
