1、专业英语八级（改错）-试卷184及答案解析 (总分：80.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、LANGUAGE USAGE(总题数：4，分数：80.00)1.PART III LANGUAGE USAGE（分数：20.00）_There are different theories of Language Development. The learning perspective argues that children imitate what they see andhear, and what children learn from punishment and reinforcement.
2、1The main theorist associated with the learning perspective is B. F. Skinner. Skinner argued that adults shape the speech of children byreinforcing the babbling of infants that sound mostly like words. The 2nativist perspective argues that humans are biologically programming 3to gain knowledge. The
3、main theorist associated with this perspective is Noam Chomsky. Chomsky proposed that all humans have a language acquisition device(LAD). The LAD contains knowledgeof grammatical rules common in all languages. The LAD also allows 4children to understand the rules of however language they are 5listen
4、ing to. Chomsky also developed the concepts of transformational grammar, surface structure, and deep structure. Transformational grammar is grammar that transforms a sentence. Surface structures are words that are actually written. Deep structureis underlying message or meaning of a sentence. Intera
5、ctionists argue 6that language development is both biological and social. Interactionists argue that language learning is influenced by thedesire of children to communicate with any others. Interactionists 7argue that children are born in a powerful brain that matures slowly 8and predisposes them to
6、 require new understandings that they are 9motivated to share with others. The main theorist associated with interactionist theory is Lev Vygotsky. Interactionists focus on Vygotskys model of collaborative learning. Collaborative learning isthe idea that conversations with younger people can help ch
7、ildren 10both cognitively and linguistically.（分数：20.00）填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_What was the first language? How did language begin, andwhere and when? Until recently, a sensible linguist would likely to 1respond to such questions with a shrug and a sigh. As Bernar
8、d Campbell states flatly in Humankind Emerging, We simply do notknow, or never will, how or when language began. Its hard to 2imagine a cultural phenomenon thats less important than the 3development of language. And yet no human attribute offers lessconclusive evidence regarded its origins. The myst
9、ery, says Christine 4Kenneally in her book The First Word, lies in the nature of thespoken word: For all their power to wound and seduce, speech is our 5most ephemeral creation; it is little more than air. It exits the bodyas series of puffs and dissipates quickly into the atmosphere. There 6are no
10、verbs preserved in amber, no ossified nouns, and no prehistorical shrieks forever spread-eagled in the lava that took themin surprise. The absence of such evidence certainly hasnt 7discouraged speculating in the origins of language. Over the 8centuries, many theories have been put out, and just abou
11、t all of 9them have been challenged, discounted, and often ridiculed. Eachtheory accounts for only a small part of whatever we know about 10language.（分数：20.00）填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_Language is a cognition that truly makes us human. Whereasother species do commun
12、icate with innate ability to produce a 1limited number of meaningful vocalisations(e. g. bonobos), or even with partially learned systems(e. g. bird songs), there is no other species known to date that can express infinite ideas(sentences)with a limited set of symbols(speech sounds and words). This
13、ability is remarkable in it. What makes it even more 2remarkable is that researchers are finding evidence for mastery of this complex skill in increasingly younger children. Infants as youngas 12 months are reported to have sensitivity in the grammar needed 3to understand causative sentences(who did
14、 what to whom; e. g. the bunny pushed the frog). Before more than 60 years of research into 4children language development, the mechanism that enables 5children to segment syllables and words out of the strings of sounds they hear, and to acquire grammar to understand and produce language are still
15、quite an enigma. 6 One of the earliest scientific explanations of language acquisition was provided by Skinner. As one of the pioneers ofbehaviorism, he accounted on language development by 7means of environment influence. 8 Skinner argued that children learn language based on behaviorist reinforcem
16、ent principles by associating words withmeanings. Correct utterances are negatively reinforced when the 9child realises the communicative value of words and phrases. For example, when the child says milk and the mother will smile andgive her some candies as a result, the child will find this outcome
17、 is 10rewarding, enhancing the childs language development.（分数：20.00）填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_专业英语八级（改错）-试卷184答案解析 (总分：80.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、LANGUAGE USAGE(总题数：4，分数：80.00)1.PART III LANGUAGE USAGE（分数：20.00）_解析：There are different theories of Language Development. The l
18、earning perspective argues that children imitate what they see andhear, and what children learn from punishment and reinforcement. 1The main theorist associated with the learning perspective is B. F. Skinner. Skinner argued that adults shape the speech of children byreinforcing the babbling of infan
19、ts that sound mostly like words. The 2nativist perspective argues that humans are biologically programming 3to gain knowledge. The main theorist associated with this perspective is Noam Chomsky. Chomsky proposed that all humans have a language acquisition device(LAD). The LAD contains knowledgeof gr
20、ammatical rules common in all languages. The LAD also allows 4children to understand the rules of however language they are 5listening to. Chomsky also developed the concepts of transformational grammar, surface structure, and deep structure. Transformational grammar is grammar that transforms a sen
21、tence. Surface structures are words that are actually written. Deep structureis underlying message or meaning of a sentence. Interactionists argue 6that language development is both biological and social. Interactionists argue that language learning is influenced by thedesire of children to communic
22、ate with any others. Interactionists 7argue that children are born in a powerful brain that matures slowly 8and predisposes them to require new understandings that they are 9motivated to share with others. The main theorist associated with interactionist theory is Lev Vygotsky. Interactionists focus
23、 on Vygotskys model of collaborative learning. Collaborative learning isthe idea that conversations with younger people can help children 10both cognitively and linguistically.（分数：20.00）填空项1:_（正确答案：whatthat）填空项1:_（正确答案：mostlymost）填空项1:_（正确答案：programmingprogrammed）填空项1:_（正确答案：into）填空项1:_（正确答案：however
24、whatever）填空项1:_（正确答案：is一the）填空项1:_（正确答案：any一去掉any）填空项1:_（正确答案：inwith）填空项1:_（正确答案：requireacquire）填空项1:_（正确答案：youngerolder）解析：解析：形容词误用。该句意为“协作学习指的是与年长者对话能够在认知和语言层面帮助孩子们。”根据生活经验，通常年长者可以帮助年幼者，因此将younger改为older。What was the first language? How did language begin, andwhere and when? Until recently, a sens
25、ible linguist would likely to 1respond to such questions with a shrug and a sigh. As Bernard Campbell states flatly in Humankind Emerging, We simply do notknow, or never will, how or when language began. Its hard to 2imagine a cultural phenomenon thats less important than the 3development of languag
26、e. And yet no human attribute offers lessconclusive evidence regarded its origins. The mystery, says Christine 4Kenneally in her book The First Word, lies in the nature of thespoken word: For all their power to wound and seduce, speech is our 5most ephemeral creation; it is little more than air. It
27、exits the bodyas series of puffs and dissipates quickly into the atmosphere. There 6are no verbs preserved in amber, no ossified nouns, and no prehistorical shrieks forever spread-eagled in the lava that took themin surprise. The absence of such evidence certainly hasnt 7discouraged speculating in t
28、he origins of language. Over the 8centuries, many theories have been put out, and just about all of 9them have been challenged, discounted, and often ridiculed. Eachtheory accounts for only a small part of whatever we know about 10language.（分数：20.00）填空项1:_（正确答案：to一去掉to）填空项1:_（正确答案：or一and）填空项1:_（正确答案
29、：lessmore）填空项1:_（正确答案：regardedregarding）填空项1:_（正确答案：theirits）填空项1:_（正确答案：seriesa）填空项1:_（正确答案：inby）填空项1:_（正确答案：speculatingspeculation）填空项1:_（正确答案：out一forward）填空项1:_（正确答案：whateverwhat）解析：解析：关系代词误用。该句意为“每一种理论只占我们对语言了解的一部分。”what引导宾语从句，意思是“什么”，whatever的意思是“无论什么”，故将whatever改为what。Language is a cognition t
30、hat truly makes us human. Whereasother species do communicate with innate ability to produce a 1limited number of meaningful vocalisations(e. g. bonobos), or even with partially learned systems(e. g. bird songs), there is no other species known to date that can express infinite ideas(sentences)with
31、a limited set of symbols(speech sounds and words). This ability is remarkable in it. What makes it even more 2remarkable is that researchers are finding evidence for mastery of this complex skill in increasingly younger children. Infants as youngas 12 months are reported to have sensitivity in the g
32、rammar needed 3to understand causative sentences(who did what to whom; e. g. the bunny pushed the frog). Before more than 60 years of research into 4children language development, the mechanism that enables 5children to segment syllables and words out of the strings of sounds they hear, and to acqui
33、re grammar to understand and produce language are still quite an enigma. 6 One of the earliest scientific explanations of language acquisition was provided by Skinner. As one of the pioneers ofbehaviorism, he accounted on language development by 7means of environment influence. 8 Skinner argued that
34、 children learn language based on behaviorist reinforcement principles by associating words withmeanings. Correct utterances are negatively reinforced when the 9child realises the communicative value of words and phrases. For example, when the child says milk and the mother will smile andgive her so
35、me candies as a result, the child will find this outcome is 10rewarding, enhancing the childs language development.（分数：20.00）填空项1:_（正确答案：innatean）填空项1:_（正确答案：第一个ititself）填空项1:_（正确答案：into）填空项1:_（正确答案：BeforeAfter）填空项1:_（正确答案：childrenchild）填空项1:_（正确答案：areis）填空项1:_（正确答案：on一for）填空项1:_（正确答案：environmentenvironmental）填空项1:_（正确答案：negativelypositively）填空项1:_（正确答案：is去掉is）解析：解析：be动词冗余。此处意为“孩子们会发现这种结果是有益的”。find sth后直接跟形容词作补足语，不需要be动词，因此将is去掉。
