1、专业英语八级（改错）-试卷168及答案解析 (总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、LANGUAGE USAGE(总题数：5，分数：100.00)1.PART III LANGUAGE USAGE（分数：20.00）_A major aspect of many firms marketing strategies over the past decade have been the development of new products. 1Consumer-product companies are launching nearly 30,000 new products each
2、year, according to the research firm Marketing Intelligence Service(compared with only 2,689 in 1980). The market has become saturated new brands, which often lack any 2significant advantages that can be used as the base of an 3advertising campaign. Moreover, companies increasingly depend 4on sales
3、promotion to encourage consumers to try these brands.Marketers are relying less on samples, coupons, rebates, 5 premiums, and other innovatively promotional tools to achieve 6 trial usage of their new brands and encourage repeat purchase. Promotions are also important in getting retailers to allocat
4、e some of their precious shelf space by new brands. The competition for 7shelf space for new products in stores is enormous. Supermarkets carry an average of 30,000 products(compared with 13,067 in 1982). Retailers favor of new brands with strong sales promotion 8support will bring in more customers
5、 and boost their sales and 9 profits. Many retailers require special discounts or allowances from manufacturers just to handle a new product. These slotting fees or allowances, which are discussed later in the chapter, can make it expensive for a manufacture to introduce a new product. 10（分数：20.00）填
6、空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_At the turn of the 20th century, Dutch physician Christiaan Eijkman showed that disease can be caused not only bymicroorganisms but by a dietary efficiency of certain substances 1now called vitamins. In 1909 German bacteriologist Paul Ehrlic
7、h introduced the worlds first bactericide, a chemical designed to killspecific kinds of bacteria with killing the patients cells as well. 2Following the discovery of penicillin in 1928 by British bacteriologist Sir Alexander Fleming, antibiotics joined medicines chemical armory, making the fight aga
8、inst bacterial infectionalmost a routine matter. Antibiotics cannot act as viruses, but 3vaccines have been used to greatly effect to prevent some of the 4deadliest viral diseases. Smallpox, once a worldwide killer, wascompletely eradicated by the late 1970s, and in the United States a 5number of po
9、lio cases dropped from 38,000 in the 1950s to less than 10 a year by the 21st century. By the middle of the 20th century scientists believed they were well on the way to treating, preventing, or eradicating manyof the most deadly infectious diseases that plagued humankind for 6centuries. And by the
10、1980s the medical communitys confidence 7in its ability to control the infectious diseases had been shaken by 8the emergency of new types of disease-causing microorganisms. 9New cases of tuberculosis developed, caused by bacteria strainsthat were resistant to antibiotics. New, deadly infections on w
11、hich 10there was no known cure also appeared, including the viruses that cause hemorrhagic fever and the human immunodeficiency virus(HTV), the cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.（分数：20.00）填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_Probably for as long as there have been sa
12、les forces, managers have sought ways to determine whether they areeffective or not. In the past, salespeople were estimated on the 1basis of their salesthat is, did they reach their sales quotas? With 2the role of the sales force changed from being purely concernedwith selling to becoming more invo
13、lved in marketing and took 3more responsible for maintaining customer relationships, managers recognized the need for expanding evaluative criteria beyond just the achievement of sales goals. The evaluation criteria of today arevast different from those in the past. Sure, sales are still important,
14、4but now other measures are gaining in importance as well. One of the more often discussed measures is ROI(return oninvestment). More and more top executives are asking their salesmanagers for accountantas in Are we getting the returns we 5seek from the sales force? The idea is that by measuring the
15、impact of programs designing to aid the selling process as well as 6measuring sales closures, the marketing team can be moreeffective and efficient. Fortunately, it isnt always that easy. In a 7survey conducted in 2002 of companies with a marketing budget of $1 million or more, 56 percent indicated
16、they had no system for measuring the ROI on their marketing investments. As noted by David Reibstein of the University of Pennsylvania s WhartonSchool of Business, In marketing, benefits as advertising impact 8arent easily put into dollar returns. It takes a leap faith to come 9with a number. Market
17、ers know that it is often difficult toseparate advertising, promotions, and other communications efforts in 10the selling effort.（分数：20.00）填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_Besides concerns about how ads affect individuals, critics have raised ethical issues about how adver
18、tising affects society. For example, J. K. Galbraith argued that advertising creates thedesires that the production of consumer goods then satisfy. Others 1accuse advertising for creating a materialistic society full of 2people think that happiness lies in owning things and who are 3obsessed with bu
19、ying consumer goods. These critics think we arecreating a society in which private goods are plentiful and in 4which public goods, which are seldom advertised, are ignoreda society rich in private cars but whose highways and streets aredisintegrating. Ads drive selfish consumption on the expense of
20、5friendship, community, art, and truth. Furthermore, advertisingallows the system to buy off political unsatisfied people with 6promises and consumer goods, leading to political apathy and the undermining of democracy. However, there are many who think these sorts of criticisms exaggerate the impact
21、 of ads on society. Major social changes are caused by advertising; ads follow 7social trends, and they dont create them. This debate centers on twoperhaps resolvable issues. First, there is the empirical question of 8how much impact advertising has on society; this is difficult to answer because th
22、e effect of ads cannot be separated from other social forces, and because it is hard to determine whether ads cause or follow social trends. Second, there is the ethical question of whether the purported effects, such as materialism, are morallyobjective. Perhaps it is more helpful to look at specif
23、ic issues 9rather than the social impact of advertising in the general. 10（分数：20.00）填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_专业英语八级（改错）-试卷168答案解析 (总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、LANGUAGE USAGE(总题数：5，分数：100.00)1.PART III LANGUAGE USAGE（分数：20.00）_解析：A major aspect of many firms marketing str
24、ategies over the past decade have been the development of new products. 1Consumer-product companies are launching nearly 30,000 new products each year, according to the research firm Marketing Intelligence Service(compared with only 2,689 in 1980). The market has become saturated new brands, which o
25、ften lack any 2significant advantages that can be used as the base of an 3advertising campaign. Moreover, companies increasingly depend 4on sales promotion to encourage consumers to try these brands.Marketers are relying less on samples, coupons, rebates, 5 premiums, and other innovatively promotion
26、al tools to achieve 6 trial usage of their new brands and encourage repeat purchase. Promotions are also important in getting retailers to allocate some of their precious shelf space by new brands. The competition for 7shelf space for new products in stores is enormous. Supermarkets carry an average
27、 of 30,000 products(compared with 13,067 in 1982). Retailers favor of new brands with strong sales promotion 8support will bring in more customers and boost their sales and 9 profits. Many retailers require special discounts or allowances from manufacturers just to handle a new product. These slotti
28、ng fees or allowances, which are discussed later in the chapter, can make it expensive for a manufacture to introduce a new product. 10（分数：20.00）填空项1:_（正确答案：have一has）填空项1:_（正确答案：saturated一with）填空项1:_（正确答案：basebasis）填空项1:_（正确答案：Moreover一ThusTherefore）填空项1:_（正确答案：lessmore）填空项1:_（正确答案：innovatively一inno
29、vative）填空项1:_（正确答案：by一to）填空项1:_（正确答案：of去掉of）填空项1:_（正确答案：will一thatwhich）填空项1:_（正确答案：manufacture一manufacturer）解析：解析：词汇错误。manufacturer为名词，意思为“生产商，制造商”，manufacture作名词时，意为“大量制造，制造业”。这里应该指的是“制造商”，此句的意思是“这些进场费或折扣(会在下一章讨论)对于要介绍一种新产品的制造商来说，代价是昂贵的。”所以要改为manufacturer。At the turn of the 20th century, Dutch phys
30、ician Christiaan Eijkman showed that disease can be caused not only bymicroorganisms but by a dietary efficiency of certain substances 1now called vitamins. In 1909 German bacteriologist Paul Ehrlich introduced the worlds first bactericide, a chemical designed to killspecific kinds of bacteria with
31、killing the patients cells as well. 2Following the discovery of penicillin in 1928 by British bacteriologist Sir Alexander Fleming, antibiotics joined medicines chemical armory, making the fight against bacterial infectionalmost a routine matter. Antibiotics cannot act as viruses, but 3vaccines have
32、 been used to greatly effect to prevent some of the 4deadliest viral diseases. Smallpox, once a worldwide killer, wascompletely eradicated by the late 1970s, and in the United States a 5number of polio cases dropped from 38,000 in the 1950s to less than 10 a year by the 21st century. By the middle o
33、f the 20th century scientists believed they were well on the way to treating, preventing, or eradicating manyof the most deadly infectious diseases that plagued humankind for 6centuries. And by the 1980s the medical communitys confidence 7in its ability to control the infectious diseases had been sh
34、aken by 8the emergency of new types of disease-causing microorganisms. 9New cases of tuberculosis developed, caused by bacteria strainsthat were resistant to antibiotics. New, deadly infections on which 10there was no known cure also appeared, including the viruses that cause hemorrhagic fever and t
35、he human immunodeficiency virus(HTV), the cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.（分数：20.00）填空项1:_（正确答案：efficiency一deficiency）填空项1:_（正确答案：withwithout）填空项1:_（正确答案：asagainst）填空项1:_（正确答案：greatly一great）填空项1:_（正确答案：athe）填空项1:_（正确答案：plagued一had）填空项1:_（正确答案：And一But）填空项1:_（正确答案：the一去掉the）填空项1:_（正确答案：eme
36、rgencyemergence）填空项1:_（正确答案：on一for）解析：解析：词汇错误。cure for diseaseinfection为固定搭配，意思为“疾病传染病的治疗方法”，for是介词提前，和which共同引导定语从句，修饰先行词infections，所以要将on改为for。Probably for as long as there have been sales forces, managers have sought ways to determine whether they areeffective or not. In the past, salespeople wer
37、e estimated on the 1basis of their salesthat is, did they reach their sales quotas? With 2the role of the sales force changed from being purely concernedwith selling to becoming more involved in marketing and took 3more responsible for maintaining customer relationships, managers recognized the need
38、 for expanding evaluative criteria beyond just the achievement of sales goals. The evaluation criteria of today arevast different from those in the past. Sure, sales are still important, 4but now other measures are gaining in importance as well. One of the more often discussed measures is ROI(return
39、 oninvestment). More and more top executives are asking their salesmanagers for accountantas in Are we getting the returns we 5seek from the sales force? The idea is that by measuring theimpact of programs designing to aid the selling process as well as 6measuring sales closures, the marketing team
40、can be moreeffective and efficient. Fortunately, it isnt always that easy. In a 7survey conducted in 2002 of companies with a marketing budget of $1 million or more, 56 percent indicated they had no system for measuring the ROI on their marketing investments. As noted by David Reibstein of the Unive
41、rsity of Pennsylvania s WhartonSchool of Business, In marketing, benefits as advertising impact 8arent easily put into dollar returns. It takes a leap faith to come 9with a number. Marketers know that it is often difficult toseparate advertising, promotions, and other communications efforts in 10the
42、 selling effort.（分数：20.00）填空项1:_（正确答案：estimated一evaluated）填空项1:_（正确答案：With一As）填空项1:_（正确答案：took一去掉took）填空项1:_（正确答案：vastvastly）填空项1:_（正确答案：accountant一accountability）填空项1:_（正确答案：designing一designed）填空项1:_（正确答案：Fortunately一Unfortunately）填空项1:_（正确答案：as一like）填空项1:_（正确答案：faith一of）填空项1:_（正确答案：in一from）解析：解析：词
43、汇错误。separate from是固定搭配意思为“分离，分开”。此句的意思为“市场专家们也清楚，要把广告、促销和其他沟通交流方式与销售努力分开是很困难的。”Besides concerns about how ads affect individuals, critics have raised ethical issues about how advertising affects society. For example, J. K. Galbraith argued that advertising creates thedesires that the production of c
44、onsumer goods then satisfy. Others 1accuse advertising for creating a materialistic society full of 2people think that happiness lies in owning things and who are 3obsessed with buying consumer goods. These critics think we arecreating a society in which private goods are plentiful and in 4which public goods, which are seldom advertised, are ignoreda society rich in private cars but whose highways and streets aredisintegrating. Ads drive selfish consumption on th
