1、专业英语八级（改错）-试卷162及答案解析 (总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、LANGUAGE USAGE(总题数：5，分数：100.00)1.PART III LANGUAGE USAGE（分数：20.00）_A four-year study by sociologists at The University ofManchester has found that women are much likely than men to 1make deep and lasting friendships. The investigation into social networks
2、 by the Universitys Research Centre for Socio-Cultural Change found that men are more fickle and calculating about whothey should be friends. Women, on the other hand, stand by their 2friends through thick and thin. Adding to the bad news for maleprestige, the study confirms the stereotype which men
3、 are likely to 3base their friendship on social drinking. Of the 10,000 individuals studying who took part in the 1992 4to 2002 British Household Panel Surveys, women are much morelikely to stay with the same friends. Single people, elder people 5and white collar workers are also good at paring up.
4、Middle classpeople are more likely to cast their net of friendship far more 6wider, or the working class tend to stick to their own kind. 7Dr Gindo Tampubolon said the findings to female friendship 8were double significant because the data suggest we are much 9more likely to socialize with people fr
5、om our own gender75 per cent of best friends were with the same sex. Dr Tampubolon, who is based at the School of Social Sciences, said: Friendshipbetween women seems to be fundamentally similar to friendship 10between men.（分数：20.00）填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_America
6、ns circle of close confidants has shrunk dramaticallyin the past two decades but the number of people who say they 1have no one with whom to discuss important matters has more than doubled, according to a new study by sociologists at Duke University and the University of Arizona The evidence showsth
7、at Americans have more confidants and those ties are also more 2family-based than they are used to be, said Lynn Smith-Lovin, 3Professor of Sociology at Duke University and one of the studys authors of Social Isolation in America: Changes in Core Discussion Networks Over Two Decades. The study compa
8、red data from 1985 to 2004 and found which 4the mean number of people with whom Americans can discuss matters important to them dropped by nearly one-third, from 2.94 people in 1985 to 2.08 in 2004. The study paints a picture ofAmericans social contacts a densely connected, close, 5homogeneous set o
9、f ties slowly closing in on themselves, 6becoming smaller, more tightly interconnected, more focusing on 7the very strong bonds of the nuclear family. That means less contacts created through clubs, neighbors and 8organizations outside the homea phenomenon popularly knownas bowling lonely, from the
10、2000 book of the same title by 9Robert D. Putnam. The researchers speculated that changes incommunities and families, such as the increase in a number of 10hours that family members spend at work and the influence of Internet communication, may contribute to the decrease in the size of close-knit ci
11、rcles of friends and relatives.（分数：20.00）填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_Over the years, Ive heard a fair number of slurs shouted at campus cops. Seldom were they pig or fascist. Far more often, they diminished the power of the officer, using words like fake cop or rent-a
12、-cop. This is which the power and class dynamics 1get tricky. They are real cops. Employing by California, they are 2agents of the state. Theyve got weapons. And the payment is not 3bad at all. On the other hand, campus police at U.C. Berkeley and U.C. Davis, patrol kids whod call them failures if t
13、hey grew up to be 4cops; kids who have more opportunities than the children of the campus cops; kids who will most be more successful than campus 5cops; kids who even enjoy the ultimate loyalty of U.C. faculty and most administrators. Just look at what happened before U.C. 6Berkeley administrators s
14、ent in cops with batons, and U.C. Davis administrators sent in cops with pepper spray. Predictive quarrels 7occurred. Batons and pepper spray were used. Images leaked. And suddenly administrators were launching investigations! And 8issuing statements about how deeply they cared for the students! Did
15、 they fail to anticipate that the weapons would be turned on passive protesters? They d do well to read Shooting an Elephant, George Orwells reflection on his time as a British imperial police officer in Burma, if so. To be clear, I dont think imperialism is an apt analogy when police forcibly remov
16、e from Occupy Cal or Davis 9protesters. And I do think Orwell helps us understand why officers 10who arent monsters might use wildly excessive force.（分数：20.00）填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_Funding public transit is one of the biggest problems facing cities today. Often
17、the trouble is that a few high-cost, low-ridership routes drag down an entire system. That puts policymakers in atough spot. They might eliminate these unprofitable lines, that has 1been suggested before, but in doing so they would harm aconsiderate number of people who rely on that service as their
18、 2primary mode of transportation. Over at New Geography, Steve Lafleur revives the debate andargues that low fares are the part of the reason transit lines are 3struggling. In response, he offers an admittedly controversial solution: Transit should operate on a for profit basis and its pricesshould
19、closely reflect market forcesif it means that transit fares 4increase. The idea of increasing ridership by raising fares is not with 5some recent precedent. Writing last week at The New York Times Opinionator blog, Lisa Margonelli points to a study from earlier this year comparing transit ridership
20、in Germany and the United States. Over the same period of time, German transit agenciesgrew ridership while doing something similar in what Lafleur 6proposesnamely, increasing fares and slashing service. More important than fare changes were the limits 7simultaneously imposed on car travel. While Ge
21、rman transit agencies did their best to attract riders to a higher-quality service, the government implemented a number of policies that madedriving less conveniently and more costly. In other words, 8high fares did lead to greater ridership on German transit, but only 9when coordinating with harsh
22、automobile policiesnot in isolation. 10（分数：20.00）填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_填空项1:_专业英语八级（改错）-试卷162答案解析 (总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、LANGUAGE USAGE(总题数：5，分数：100.00)1.PART III LANGUAGE USAGE（分数：20.00）_解析：A four-year study by sociologists at The University ofManchester has found th
23、at women are much likely than men to 1make deep and lasting friendships. The investigation into social networks by the Universitys Research Centre for Socio-Cultural Change found that men are more fickle and calculating about whothey should be friends. Women, on the other hand, stand by their 2frien
24、ds through thick and thin. Adding to the bad news for maleprestige, the study confirms the stereotype which men are likely to 3base their friendship on social drinking. Of the 10,000 individuals studying who took part in the 1992 4to 2002 British Household Panel Surveys, women are much morelikely to
25、 stay with the same friends. Single people, elder people 5and white collar workers are also good at paring up. Middle classpeople are more likely to cast their net of friendship far more 6wider, or the working class tend to stick to their own kind. 7Dr Gindo Tampubolon said the findings to female fr
26、iendship 8were double significant because the data suggest we are much 9more likely to socialize with people from our own gender75 per cent of best friends were with the same sex. Dr Tampubolon, who is based at the School of Social Sciences, said: Friendshipbetween women seems to be fundamentally si
27、milar to friendship 10between men.（分数：20.00）填空项1:_（正确答案：likelymore或much一more）填空项1:_（正确答案：friends一with）填空项1:_（正确答案：whichthat）填空项1:_（正确答案：studying一studied）填空项1:_（正确答案：elder一olderelderly）填空项1:_（正确答案：(far)more一去掉more）填空项1:_（正确答案：or+whereaswhile）填空项1:_（正确答案：toon）填空项1:_（正确答案：double一doubly）填空项1:_（正确答案：simi
28、lar一different）解析：解析：语篇错误。短文开头第一段就已经表明女性之间的友谊关系更深入更持久，而男性在交朋友方面则更易变和精明，由此可知二者有着明显的区别，故应该把similar改为different。Americans circle of close confidants has shrunk dramaticallyin the past two decades but the number of people who say they 1have no one with whom to discuss important matters has more than doubl
29、ed, according to a new study by sociologists at Duke University and the University of Arizona The evidence showsthat Americans have more confidants and those ties are also more 2family-based than they are used to be, said Lynn Smith-Lovin, 3Professor of Sociology at Duke University and one of the st
30、udys authors of Social Isolation in America: Changes in Core Discussion Networks Over Two Decades. The study compared data from 1985 to 2004 and found which 4the mean number of people with whom Americans can discuss matters important to them dropped by nearly one-third, from 2.94 people in 1985 to 2
31、.08 in 2004. The study paints a picture ofAmericans social contacts a densely connected, close, 5homogeneous set of ties slowly closing in on themselves, 6becoming smaller, more tightly interconnected, more focusing on 7the very strong bonds of the nuclear family. That means less contacts created th
32、rough clubs, neighbors and 8organizations outside the homea phenomenon popularly knownas bowling lonely, from the 2000 book of the same title by 9Robert D. Putnam. The researchers speculated that changes incommunities and families, such as the increase in a number of 10hours that family members spen
33、d at work and the influence of Internet communication, may contribute to the decrease in the size of close-knit circles of friends and relatives.（分数：20.00）填空项1:_（正确答案：but一and）填空项1:_（正确答案：more(confidants)一fewer）填空项1:_（正确答案：are一去掉are）填空项1:_（正确答案：whichthat或which一去掉which）填空项1:_（正确答案：a一as）填空项1:_（正确答案：the
34、mselves一itself）填空项1:_（正确答案：focusingfocused）填空项1:_（正确答案：lessfewer）填空项1:_（正确答案：lonelyalone）填空项1:_（正确答案：a一the）解析：解析：词汇错误。a number of表示“许多”，the number of表示“的数目”，此句要表达的是“家庭成员工作的小时数增加”，故应该用the number of。Over the years, Ive heard a fair number of slurs shouted at campus cops. Seldom were they pig or fascis
35、t. Far more often, they diminished the power of the officer, using words like fake cop or rent-a-cop. This is which the power and class dynamics 1get tricky. They are real cops. Employing by California, they are 2agents of the state. Theyve got weapons. And the payment is not 3bad at all. On the oth
36、er hand, campus police at U.C. Berkeley and U.C. Davis, patrol kids whod call them failures if they grew up to be 4cops; kids who have more opportunities than the children of the campus cops; kids who will most be more successful than campus 5cops; kids who even enjoy the ultimate loyalty of U.C. fa
37、culty and most administrators. Just look at what happened before U.C. 6Berkeley administrators sent in cops with batons, and U.C. Davis administrators sent in cops with pepper spray. Predictive quarrels 7occurred. Batons and pepper spray were used. Images leaked. And suddenly administrators were lau
38、nching investigations! And 8issuing statements about how deeply they cared for the students! Did they fail to anticipate that the weapons would be turned on passive protesters? They d do well to read Shooting an Elephant, George Orwells reflection on his time as a British imperial police officer in
39、Burma, if so. To be clear, I dont think imperialism is an apt analogy when police forcibly remove from Occupy Cal or Davis 9protesters. And I do think Orwell helps us understand why officers 10who arent monsters might use wildly excessive force.（分数：20.00）填空项1:_（正确答案：whichwhere）填空项1:_（正确答案：EmployingE
40、mployed）填空项1:_（正确答案：paymentpay）填空项1:_（正确答案：them一themselves）填空项1:_（正确答案：mostmostly）填空项1:_（正确答案：beforeafter）填空项1:_（正确答案：PredictivePredictable）填空项1:_（正确答案：administrators一the）填空项1:_（正确答案：from一去掉from）填空项1:_（正确答案：AndBut）解析：解析：语篇错误。由上下文语义判断。此句与上一句在意义上应是转折关系，上一句说到我认为“帝国主义”不是一个恰当的类比，下一句则说Orwell帮助我们了解警察为什么过度使
41、用武力；从结构上来看，前句的I dont think与本句的I do think形成对照，故应改为表转折意义的连词But。Funding public transit is one of the biggest problems facing cities today. Often the trouble is that a few high-cost, low-ridership routes drag down an entire system. That puts policymakers in atough spot. They might eliminate these unprof
42、itable lines, that has 1been suggested before, but in doing so they would harm aconsiderate number of people who rely on that service as their 2primary mode of transportation. Over at New Geography, Steve Lafleur revives the debate andargues that low fares are the part of the reason transit lines ar
43、e 3struggling. In response, he offers an admittedly controversial solution: Transit should operate on a for profit basis and its pricesshould closely reflect market forcesif it means that transit fares 4increase. The idea of increasing ridership by raising fares is not with 5some recent precedent. W
44、riting last week at The New York Times Opinionator blog, Lisa Margonelli points to a study from earlier this year comparing transit ridership in Germany and the United States. Over the same period of time, German transit agenciesgrew ridership while doing something similar in what Lafleur 6proposesnamely, increasing fares and slashing service. More important than fare changes were the limits 7simultaneously
