1、专业八级模拟605及答案解析 (总分：121.42，做题时间：90分钟)一、PART LISTENING COM(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、SECTION A MINI-LECTU(总题数：1，分数：30.00)Euphemism. Overall Introduction of Euphemism A. The word of euphemism (from Greek) Prefix eu-: good, well Root -phem: 1 Suffix -ism: noun 2 : to speak with good words or in a pleasant manner
2、Earliest time of use in record: the 11th century BC B. The origin of euphemism: 3 The function of euphemism: mild, roundabout words instead of coarse, offensive or painful ones C. The 4 of euphemism (two most commonly used): Mild or vague or roundabout expression for harsh or blunt or direct one Pol
3、ite, tactful or less 5 term to avoid the direct naming of an unpleasant painful or frightening reality D. Classification of euphemism 1)Type one (by Hugh Rawson from the angle of 6 ): i. the positive: 7 ones inflating and magnifying the word meaning, making the euphemized seem grander and more impor
4、tant than they really are ii. the negative: 8 ones deflating and diminishing the word meaning, being defensive in nature offsetting the power of tabooed terms and eradicating everything that people prefer not to deal with directly 2)Type two: unconscious ones & conscious ones i. Angle of classificat
5、ion: whether people remember their original 9 or not ii. Example: indisposition the original meaning: incapacity to deal with something its euphemistic meaning: slight illness or ill health . Different uses of euphemism in 10 A. Definition of culture: the entire way of society (customs, traditions,
6、social habits, values, beliefs and language) B. Uses of euphemism related to different aspects of culture 1) Euphemisms related to names i. Chinese culture: emphasis on names example: 11 s name is forbidden to be called ii. British and American culture: few emphasis on names example: parents name be
7、ing called directly children having the same name with their parents 2)Euphemisms related to excretions i. English culture: having variety of euphemisms example: original words: go to the toilet, go to stool euphemistic words: to 12 , to freshen up, to pick a daisy, to relieve or to relieve nature,
8、get some fresh air etc. 3)Euphemisms related to death Function: to respect the dead, to memorize them, to praise them, to avoid using the dreadful word 4)Euphemisms related to old age Chinese: being 13 of being old, few euphemisms American: being afraid of being old, a lot of euphemisms 5)Euphemisms
9、 related to fatness English: derogatory euphemistic phrases: weight-watcher, heavyset, and on 14 Chinese: commendatory . Conclusion the grease of language, and the 15 of social culture （分数：30.00）三、SECTION B INTERVIEW(总题数：2，分数：10.00)（分数：5.00）A.In 2008.B.In 2009.C.In 2010.D.In 2011.A.A service only gi
10、ven to kids.B.A service among kids.C.A service on used items of kids.D.A service that kids like most.A.$6 billion.B.$14,300.C.$50,000.D.$8,000.A.One of the founders of ThredUP.B.Director of Redpoint Ventures.C.The former EBay Chief Operating Officer.D.Publisher of the online magazine Shareable.A.A n
11、ew means of quality control.B.A huge variety of good exchanged.C.Providing prepaid shipping labels and empty boxes.D.Reducing postage.（分数：5.00）A.She owned a car.B.She drove well.C.She liked drivers uniforms.D.It was her childhood dream.A.The right sense of direction.B.The sense of judgment.C.The ski
12、ll of maneuvering.D.The size of vehicles.A.Streets of the city.B.The skills of communication.C.The unique driving skill.D.The traffic signs.A.Ten days.B.Twenty days.C.Two weeks.D.Three weeks.A.Working for too many hours.B.The work is boring.C.Its not safe to drive at night.D.To talk with strange.四、P
13、ART READING COMPR(总题数：1，分数：30.00)SECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS In this section there are four passages followed by fourteen multiple choice questions. For each multiple choice question, there are four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer and
14、mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET TWO. PASSAGE ONE (1) Once upon a time, the emblematic jazz singer was an African-American woman, serenading a smoke-filled room. Think Billie Holiday and Ella Fitzgerald. Today, a talented crop of cosmopolitan young singers are creating a new breed of jazz vocalist:
15、 the globalized chanteuse. They come from multicultural backgrounds, live all over the world, and are infusing the traditional American sound with new energy. Take todays rising star, 26-year-old Sophie Milman. Born in Russia, she fled with her family to Israel at the age of 7, then settled in Canad
16、a at 16. Now she sells out the Blue Note jazz club in Tokyo. Her roots and her reach are global. In looks and language, she couldnt be further from the pioneers who came more than a half century before. (2) Yet Milman and others like her are redefining jazz by drawing on the American songbook. In hi
17、s book The Jazz Singers, Scott Yanow argues that among 21st-century jazz vocalists, only a few manage to reinvent standards in new ways, which is exactly what this new class is doing so well. Milmanwhos fluent in French, English, Russian, and Hebrewsings Cole Porters Love for Sale in a clear, valian
18、t alto that booms down low and reaches effortlessly up high. Elisabeth Kontomanou, who is Greek and Guinean, insists on knowing the African-American roots of the music she plays. Jazz is innovation, but with all the culture and the understanding of what has already been done, she says. If you dont l
19、ook at that, you get a tasteless, odorless, and colorless music. On her last CD, Brewin the Blues , she follows her own rules by revisiting less famous songs by jazz icons, such as Billie Holidays Tell Me More and More (and Then Some). (3) Language has proved no barrier to these women; all sing in E
20、nglish. Virginie Teychen comes from the south of France but learned English with her father, who used to show American Marines the French way of life. French doesnt lend itself to jazz, she says. Words can often fall flat, as it is hard to sing in French on rhythm. Teychen, who was named a new revel
21、ation at Frances Juan-les-Pins jazz festival last year, covers songs like Take the A Train in her pure, low voice. Born and raised in Turin, the Italian chanteuse Roberta Gambarini recorded Swedish folk songs early in her career but has lately turned to the romantic era of American jazz. Her new rec
22、ord, So in Love , revolves around sweet renditions of tunes like That Old Black Magica song Sarah Vaughan made famous in the 40s. The bulk of good songs that allow you to improvise happen to largely be part of the Great American Songbook, she says. (4) Thats not to say that these vocalists arent pus
23、hing boundaries. Esperanza Spalding, who was born to a Welsh-Hispanic-Native American mother and a black father and raised in the States, sings in English, Spanish, and Portuguese. When recording the 1930s standard Body and Soul, she renamed it Cuerpo y Alma, and pulled off a fiery Spanish rendition
24、. You always create something new even when you use vocabulary from the past, she says. (5) Ultimately, this return to the roots of jazz has to do with authenticity and accessibility. I like when people come see me at the end of a concert, surprised that this is actually jazz and that they can enjoy
25、 it without really knowing the culture, says Teychen. Yet if asked where the winding road of fame starts, these singers give a traditional answer. If you live deep in the heart of China and you want to be a jazz musician, you still have to go to New York or New Orleans and play jazz, says Kontomanou
26、. Then you move to another country and share it with the world. PASSAGE TWO (1) Its your first hike on Mars, and so far things seem to be going well. A robot scout in a nearby canyon sent pictures of what looks remarkably like a mat of microbes. Eager to make scientific history, you suit up and head
27、 to the canyon rim with your fellow astronauts. To get a closer look, you start rappelling down the canyon wall. The sky is a beautiful shade of peach. Life is good. (2) And then there is a strange rush, a low pop. A hidden pocket of water shoots out, freezing into crystals as it sprays you. Youre c
28、overed with ice. Thats bad, says John Rummel, NASAs senior scientist for astrobiology, who offers this cautionary scenario. Ice can shut down a spacesuits cooling system. It may be dirty ice that came with rocks, Rummel adds. They could crack open your faceplate, causing your suit to lose pressure.
29、You slip and fall in mud, and you cant get up. And if theres something alive on Mars, youre covered with it. No one said going to Mars would be a vacation. (3) It might, however, be a full-time job, if all goes according to plan. In 2004, President Bush announced a new space exploration policy, a ke
30、y goal of which is to extend human presence across the solar system by sending astronauts to Mars. Though a first step will be to gain experience with a lunar base, the red planet will pose challenges to astronauts unlike those anywhere else. Mars is 250 million miles from Earth at the farthest poin
31、t in the planets orbits. Sheer distance makes unpredictable weather, unexpected illness and even homesickness potentially deadly problems. Residents of the future Mars base wont be able to count on a rescue mission. (4) Just getting to Mars will require a grueling five-month trip, under the best-cas
32、e orbital scenario. After weathering cosmic radiation, cabin fever and potential bone loss, the astronauts will have to land safely in an environment that, despite robotic rovers, we still dont fully understand. Mars has a thin atmosphere, made up mainly of nitrogen and carbon dioxide, but satellite
33、s have offered only crude estimates of its density. How do you know when to deploy a parachute when the density of the atmosphere is only partially known? asks David Beaty, NASAs Mars program science manager at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California. (5) And many other crucial detailssuch as th
34、e velocities of winds that gust along various layers of the atmosphereare still a mystery. Dust storms can cloak nearly the entire planet, and can last for three months. They tend to happen at the same time each year, Beaty says, but they dont always turn into enormous storms. We dont understand why
35、 and we cant predict it. (6) The ideal landing site will be a place where astronauts can learn a lot about the planet while putting themselves at the least possible riskin other words, a location thats flat, safe and geologically interesting. Some areas around the future base might be designated for
36、 human exploration and others for rovers onlynot just to protect astronauts from Mars but to protect Mars from astronauts, as well. (7) Each explorer will carry trillions of microbes belonging to a thousand different species, and could spread them across the Martian landscape. This would jeopardize
37、one of the chief goals of the entire mission: to look for signs of life. Mars started out as a much warmer, wetter planet that may have had an abundant supply of organisms. But as the Martian environment became harsher, any life on Mars must have either become extinct or retreated to refuges such as
38、 underground hydrothermal systems. You wouldnt want to introduce Earth life into those spots, Rummel says. When you envision people going to Mars, you dont want them to contaminate things theyre supposed to study. Rovers can have microbes baked out in an oven before setting forth. Humans cantand, Ru
39、mmel says, The best spacesuits we have are fairly leaky. (8) Mars will pose hazards to the health of astronauts far beyond those encountered on any previous mission. Even the dust on Mars is more dangerous than that found on the moon. Scientists suspect it contains particularly nasty compoundsarseni
40、c and hexavalent chromiumthat could bum skin and eyes on contact. (9) And though the thin atmosphere on Mars blocks much of the radiation from space, which means that a solar flare wont be as much of a concern there as on the moon, it blocks less radiation than Earths atmosphere. A person who goes t
41、here for 18 months could have somewhere between a 1 and 2 percent chance of dying early from cancer, says Frank Cucinotta, the radiation health officer at NASAs Johnson Space Center. And he adds, Were worried about the error of that estimate. It could be as much as four times higher. (10) The crews
42、flight surgeon will need to keep tabs on astronauts to catch medical problems as early as possible. Rather than drawing blood, he or she might be able to take a tiny sample of each crew members cells and measure the activity of genes inside them, looking for changes in the genetic pathways associate
43、d with pathogens and with general fitness. PASSAGE THREE (1) Does a healthy global economy need periodic financial crises? (2) This may be a touchy question to ask, with Wall Street firms grimly toting up the cost of their bad subprime bets and the US housing market nowhere near bottom. Still, weve
44、seen five major financial disruptions over the past 20 years, starting with the October, 1987, stock market crash. Each event, when it happened, seemed potentially destructive. (3) Yet the damage in each case, while deep, was relatively limited in scope. Central banks and regulators responded vigoro
45、usly, the financial markets did not collapse, and the world economy kept expanding. (4) Since 1987, global growth has averaged a 3.7% annual gain, with no down years. Over the same stretch, the US has experienced two relatively mild and short recessions. (5) The latest financial crisisand what likel
46、y will be the biggest nationwide home-price decline since the Great Depressioncould cut US growth to 2% or less, with some chance of a mild downturn. But the stock market hit new highs on Oct. 9, employment is still rising, and the subprime mess seems more like a bump than a disaster for the rest of
47、 the world. If nothing worse happens, it shouldnt really have any substantial impact on world GDP, says Farid Abolfathi, an international economist at Global Insight Inc. (6) In fact, these financial disruptions, rather than being signs of instability, may serve as critical safety valves for the glo
48、bal economy. At least so far, the periodic bouts of volatility have scared investors and borrowers out of excess exuberance without causing any lasting major damage to growth. The implication: If the global markets are functioning well, we should expect a financial crisis every few years. Indeed, the bigger danger may be that the gap between crises gets too wide, so the excesses have a chance to build up. (7) Consider this: Global growth
