1、专业八级分类模拟431及答案解析 (总分：132.60，做题时间：90分钟)一、PART READING COMPR(总题数：1，分数：100.00)Section A In this section there are several passages followed by fourteen multiple-choice questions. For each multiple-choice question, there are four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is t
2、he best answer and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET TWO. Passage One It would have been impossible, completely and entirely, for any woman to have written the plays of Shakespeare in the age of Shakespeare. Let me imagine, since facts are so hard to come by, what would have happened had Shakespeare
3、 had a wonderfully gifted sister, called Judith, let us say. Shakespeare himself went, very probablyhis mother was an heiressto the grammar school, where he may have learnt LatinOvid, Virgil and Horaceand the elements of grammar and logic. He was, it is well known, a wild boy who poached rabbits, pe
4、rhaps shot a deer, and had, rather sooner than he should have done, to marry a woman in the neighborhood, who bore him a child rather quicker than was right. That escapade sent him to seek his fortune in London. He had, it seemed, a taste for the theatre; he began by holding horses at the stage door
5、. Very soon he got work in the theatre, became a successful actor, and lived at the hub of the universe, meeting everybody, knowing everybody, practising his art on the boards, exercising his wits in the streets, and even getting access to the palace of the queen. Meanwhile his extraordinarily gifte
6、d sister, let us suppose, remained at home. She was as adventurous, as imaginative, as agog to see the world as he was. But she was not sent to school. She had no chance of learning grammar and logic, let alone of reading Horace and Virgil She picked up a book now and then, one of her brothers perha
7、ps, and read a few pages. But then her parents came in and told her to mend the stockings or mind the stew and not moon about with books and papers. They would have spoken sharply but kindly, for they were substantial people who knew the conditions of life for a woman and loved their daughterindeed,
8、 more likely than not she was the apple of her fathers eye. Perhaps she scribbled some pages up in an apple loft on the sly, but was careful to hide them or set fire to them. Soon, however, before she was out of her teens, she was to be betrothed to the son of a neighboring wool-stapler. She cried o
9、ut that marriage was hateful to her, and for that she was severely beaten by her father. Then he ceased to scold her. He begged her instead not to hurt him, not to shame him in this matter of her marriage. He would give her a chain of beads or a fine petticoat, he said; and there were tears in his e
10、yes. How could she disobey him? How could she break his heart? The force of her own gift alone drove her to it. She made up a small parcel of her belongings, let herself down by a rope one summers night and took the road to London. She was not seventeen. The birds that sang in the hedge were not mor
11、e musical than she was. She had the quickest fancy, a gift like her brothers, for the tune of words. Like him, she had a taste for the theatre. She stood at the stage door; she wanted to act, she said. Men laughed in her face. The managera fat, loose-lipped manguffawed. He bellowed something about p
12、oodles dancing and women actingno woman, he said, could possibly be an actress. He hintedyou can imagine what. She could get no training in her craft. Could she even seek her dinner in a tavern or roam the streets at midnight? Yet her genius was for fiction and lusted to feed abundantly upon the liv
13、es of men and women and the study of their ways. At lastfor she was very young, oddly like Shakespeare the poet in her face, with the same grey eyes and rounded browsNick Greene the actor-manager took pity on her; she found herself with child by that gentleman and sowho shall measure the heat and vi
14、olence of the poets heart when caught and tangled in a womans body? killed herself one winters night and lies buried at some crossroads where the omnibuses now stop outside the Elephant and Castle. That, more or less, is how the story would run, I think, if a woman in Shakespeares day had had Shakes
15、peares genius, (此文选自 A Room of ones Own)Passage Two On Wednesday, the Treasury Department released more details of its plan to stress-test the nations 19 largest banks to see just how short of capital they would be if the recession worsened. Conceptually, the test makes sense. Since many of the bank
16、s have been deemed too big to fail, it is important for the government to know in advance how much capital they may need in order to absorb losses and sustain lending. Under the rules of the test, a bank that could not cover a projected shortfall by raising money from private investors would have to
17、 accept it from the government. In exchange, the government would take a potentially large ownership stake. In practice, however, the test could be yet one more step toward what is turning out to be a seemingly endless string of bailouts that do not stop the bleeding, stabilize the banksor adequatel
18、y protect taxpayers. For starters, the tests worst-case assumptions may not be dire enough. They assume that the economy will contract this year by 3.3 percent and remain flat in 2010, that unemployment will hit 8.9 percent this year and 10.3 percent next year, and that house prices will fall an add
19、itional 22 percent this year. That would all be very bad. But given that the economy contracted by 6.2 percent in the fourth quarter of 2008 and that virtually all other economic indicators are flashing red, it is hardly the worst that the government should plan for. Even if the assumptions prove co
20、rrect, there is no guarantee that the testing will be rigorous. The tests will be supervised by the government but carried out by the banks. Since a capital infusion by the government would be costly to a bank and pose risks to its existing shareholders, the banks will have an incentive to arrive at
21、 the lowest possible capital shortfall. The result could be a situation much like the present one with Citigroup, in which one bailout follows another, with mounting costs and risks for taxpayers and with investors, borrowers and consumers left to wonder when the banking system will be reliably func
22、tional again. Worse still, even if the tests accurately gauge the banks conditions and the government provides adequate capital, taxpayers could still lose big. The government will increase a troubled banks capital by purchasing preferred stock that pays a 9 percent dividend. If a bank cant pay the
23、dividend, it can convert the preferred shares into common stock. The problem is that a bank is likely to convert the shares only if its condition continues to deteriorate, which would stick the taxpayer with stock falling in value. If the banks prospects for recovery are good and it pays back the go
24、vernment within two years, all of the stocks future gains go to existing common shareholders. The system would be preserved, but by enriching private investors at taxpayers expense. That raw deal is improved somewhat if repayment occurs after two years. Unfortunately, chances that a bank would retur
25、n to health after years on government life support do not seem especially good. The administration has never adequately explained why rescuing the weakest banks should involve rescuing their shareholders, and by extension, their executives and managers, whose wealth is likely to be concentrated in t
26、he stock of the bank. Instead, they have staked out a seemingly arbitrary position, insisting the government should not assume control of perilously weak big banks, even if only to restructure their finances. Before the stress test results are in and acted upon, taxpayers deserve an explanation. (此文
27、选自 The Wall Street Journal)Passage Three When Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger announced the final cuts to an already pain-peppered California budget in July, one of the most shocking indications of how dire things had become was the decision to close more than a third of the states parks. Fort Ross State
28、 Historic Park, 80 miles north of San Francisco, is among those that would have been closed. It was founded in 1812 as the southernmost Russian settlement in North America. Demonstrators outside the State Capitol in Sacramento last summer hung photos to share memories of their park visits. On Friday
29、, though, Mr. Schwarzeneggers office said sufficient alternative savings had been found within the California Department of Parks and Recreation to avoid any closings at all, at least in this fiscal year. The savings, which the department had been unable to identify during months of budget wrangling
30、, were suddenly realized with the help of Schwarzenegger administration finance experts looking over the shoulders of parks officials. In the two months since the July announcement, Mr. Schwarzeneggers threat to close 100 parks had landed in a budget soft spot created by bipartisan outrage among law
31、makers, their constituents and lobbyists, and by a growing sense in the administration that closing parks would do little to burnish the governors reputation as a public figure committed to the environment. Though few will rue the preservation of the park system, the 11th-inning save does underscore
32、 how even in the worst fiscal conditions, the threat of vast cuts is sometimes false, fueling skepticism among lawmakers and voters about ominous budget pronouncements and the ballot measures that often ensue to address them. The budget process is so complicated and confusing to people to begin with
33、, and there is so much distrust in government, that when people hear about changes in spending cuts, they are left questioning whether or not real revenues are really needed, said Mark Baldassare, president of the Public Policy Institute of California, a nonpartisan research group based in San Franc
34、isco. A plan to cut $ 175 million from a health insurance program was also recently reversed, but that program was spared by bipartisan legislation that replaced one tax for another and used federal stimulus money to fill the gaps. The parks department situation is different, because it is essential
35、ly a re-do. The departments budget for the current fiscal year, which began July 1, was dealt a reduction of 10 percent, or $ 14.2 million. As a result, the state said in July, 100 of Californias 279 parks were to close at least temporarily unless donations or private partnerships materialized. But
36、in the last week, amid a growing outcry and a leaked parks department memorandum suggesting that closing state parks could result in breach-of-contract lawsuits by the parks vendors, the administration began to back away. The backpedaling was apparently made complete with Fridays announcement by the
37、 governors office, which said the savings would instead be realized with steps like cutting back on maintenance, delaying the purchase of equipment and reducing days of operation in some parks, hours of operation in others. The announcement described these savings as one-time, suggesting that the co
38、st of running the parks would have to be addressed again in the budget for the next fiscal year. Roy Stearns, a spokesman for the parks department, said the earlier budget negotiations, which lasted months, had perhaps not offered sufficient time to find the cuts that will now come to pass. Others a
39、ttributed the impetus to political pressure from parks advocates and from lawmakers representing districts where businesses profit from the parks presence. Mindful that Fridays rescue would nonetheless mean reduced hours for the parks, among other steps, Elizabeth Goldstein, president of the Califor
40、nia State Parks Foundation, said: They still have a $ 14.2 million budget cut. The governor found a clever way to find some political cover on this issue, but its not clear that the plan wont actually leave Californians with just as limited an access to their state parks as if they were fully closed
41、. The foundation and other conservation groups hope to place a measure on the November 2010 ballot that would increase vehicle license fees by $ 15 a year to finance the parks, a move that would double their budget and free it from the states general fund. In exchange, California drivers would get f
42、ree admission to all state parks. The governor rejected a similar measure proposed by lawmakers during the legislative session. (此文选自 The New York Times)Passage Four I want to criticize the social system, and to show it at work, at its most intense. Virginia Woolfs provocative statement about her in
43、tentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics, since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the poetic novelist concerned with examining states of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of i
44、ndividual consciousness. But Virginia Woolf was a realistic as well as a poetic novelist, a satirist and social critic as well as a visionary: literary critics cavalier dismissal of Woolfs social vision will not withstand scrutiny. in her novels, Woolf is deeply engaged by the questions of how indiv
45、iduals are shaped (or deformed) by their social environments, how historical forces impinge on peoples lives, how class, wealth, and gender help to determine peoples fates. Most of her novels are rooted in a realistically rendered social setting and in a precise historical time. Woolfs focus on soci
46、ety has not been generally recognized because of her intense antipathy to propaganda in art. The pictures of reformers in her novels are usually satiric or sharply critical. Even when Woolf is fundamentally sympathetic to their causes, she portrays people anxious to reform their society and possesse
47、d of a message or program as arrogant or dishonest, unaware of how their political ideas serve their own psychological needs. (Her Writers Diary notes: the only honest people are the artists. Whereas these social reformers and philanthropistsharbordiscreditable desires under the disguise of loving t
48、heir kind) Woolf detested what she called preaching in fiction, too, and criticized novelist D. H. Lawrence (among others) for working by this method. Woolfs own social criticism is expressed in the language of observation rather than in direct commentary, since for her, fiction is a contemplative,
49、not an active art. She describes phenomena and provides materials for a judgment about society and social issues, it is the readers work to put the observations together and understand the coherent point of view behind them. As a moralist, Woolf, works by indirection, subtly undermining officially accepted mores, mocking, suggesting, calling into question, rather than asserting, advocating, bearing witness: hers is the satirists art. Wool
