1、专业八级分类模拟420及答案解析 (总分：105.05，做题时间：90分钟)一、PART LISTENING COM(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、SECTION A MINI-LECTU(总题数：1，分数：40.00)Culture As a Barrier to CommunicationOur culture will prevent us getting our message across and receiving the full message intended by others. Thats why we need to overcome the cultural bar
2、riers in the communication. . Three levels of culture A. Outward manifestations Examples: food, art, 1 , etc. B. 2 Invisible rules C. 3 cultural assumptions Characteristics of American culture: individualism, equality, competition, etc. . Main causes for cross-cultural misunderstanding A. The in-gro
3、up/out-group distinction It allows individuals to find an 4 Tendency to blame out-groups for troubles Tendency to 5 other groups B. Stereotyping It is a(n) 6 to reduce anxiety C. Other causes Lack of trust Lack of empathy The 7 . Skills for cross-cultural communication A. 8 Identify your attitudes,
4、opinions, biases, etc. B. 9 Listen to others Dont jump to conclusions Periods of silence and 10 are allowed in some cultures C. Encourage feedback Feedback allows to correct and adjust messages Feedback can help us reach 11 12 could be appropriate feedback D. 13 empathy Put ourselves in the other pe
5、rsons shoes Become more sensitive to others needs, 14 E. Seek the 15 among cultures Establish a bond despite cultural differences （分数：40.05）三、SECTION B INTERVIEW(总题数：2，分数：40.00)（分数：20.00）A.It familiarizes the freshers with the coming college life.B.It offers many academic classes and lectures.C.It i
6、ncludes many outside activities.D.It offers training opportunities for college students.A.How to organize the part-time jobs.B.Which course to select.C.When to make choices.D.How to be friendly.A.Because of his parents support.B.Because he benefited a lot from it.C.Because of his own experience of b
7、eing a fresher.D.Because he could make friends with many freshets.A.To get the ability of problem identification.B.To broaden his horizon.C.To boost his self-confidence.D.To improve the leadership skills.A.Identifying the complex problems.B.Solving the complex problems.C.Planning the development of
8、the company.D.Communicating the solutions with others adequately.（分数：20.00）A.They are too busy working.B.They arent aware of the importance of sleep.C.They have some healthy problems.D.They dont think sleep can influence health.A.One half.B.Two fifths.C.One quarter.D.One tenth.A.They should keep awa
9、ke at a scheduled time.B.They should set an alarm to wake up.C.They should not lie in bed when awake.D.They should stick to their sleep schedule.A.At any time in a day as long as one wishes.B.At the time when one plans to sleep.C.At a very early time at night.D.At a very late time at night.A.Go to b
10、ed at 3 a.m.B.Just go to bed as usual time.C.Get up at 10 a.m.D.Wake up naturally.四、PART LANGUAGE USAG(总题数：1，分数：25.00)Humanitys highly developed ability to communicate verbally is our essence. With our tremendous vocabulary, we would perhaps be 1 not much better off than gorillas and monkeys. Langua
11、ge is taken as 2 granted since it is a basic characteristic. But it is, for all its universality, among the most powerful of human tools. The pen is mightier than the sword. We define language a system of communication that is primarily 3 verbal, symbolic, dually-patterned, and arbitrary and is used
12、 by humans with common cultural expectancies. Language is also a mean to communicate ideas, knowledge and emotions with other 4 individuals through the use of the body. The system of communication used is a set of codes or rules; a specific signaling system developed by humans. This signaling system
13、 consists of sounds used by individuals to express knowledge, emotions and ideas. This system is learned and passed on through culture 5 transmission by the teaching and the imitation of others. This system is significant so it is purely human in nature and no other species are 6 able to duplicate o
14、ur system. Language is primarily verbal because it is part of the grammatical machine in humans which uses a sound, 7 phonology, to express ideas and emotions. The broadest definition for language includes much more. For 8 example, we have codes, such as Morse, flag, smoke signals, body language, an
15、d to extent even music. Computer programs include 9 special coding that can in some sense being called language. 10 （分数：25.00）专业八级分类模拟420答案解析 (总分：105.05，做题时间：90分钟)一、PART LISTENING COM(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、SECTION A MINI-LECTU(总题数：1，分数：40.00)Culture As a Barrier to CommunicationOur culture will prevent us
16、 getting our message across and receiving the full message intended by others. Thats why we need to overcome the cultural barriers in the communication. . Three levels of culture A. Outward manifestations Examples: food, art, 1 , etc. B. 2 Invisible rules C. 3 cultural assumptions Characteristics of
17、 American culture: individualism, equality, competition, etc. . Main causes for cross-cultural misunderstanding A. The in-group/out-group distinction It allows individuals to find an 4 Tendency to blame out-groups for troubles Tendency to 5 other groups B. Stereotyping It is a(n) 6 to reduce anxiety
18、 C. Other causes Lack of trust Lack of empathy The 7 . Skills for cross-cultural communication A. 8 Identify your attitudes, opinions, biases, etc. B. 9 Listen to others Dont jump to conclusions Periods of silence and 10 are allowed in some cultures C. Encourage feedback Feedback allows to correct a
19、nd adjust messages Feedback can help us reach 11 12 could be appropriate feedback D. 13 empathy Put ourselves in the other persons shoes Become more sensitive to others needs, 14 E. Seek the 15 among cultures Establish a bond despite cultural differences （分数：40.05）解析：customs/patterns of behaviors/cl
20、othing /visible behaviors 听力原文 Culture As a Barrier to CommunicationGood morning, everyone. In this lecture, I am going to lead you to the discussion of cultural barriers and their solutions. I am sure that each of us is exposed to people from other cultures on a regular basis, in the workplace, in
21、our social activities, at school, or even within our families. Our culture hinders us from getting our message across as well as receiving the full message that others want to convey to us. This talk expounds on three aspects: what culture is, the main causes for cross-cultural misunderstandings, an
22、d the attitudes and skills that we need to communicate cross-culturally. First of all, lets talk about what culture is. When we think about culture we first think about a country, and particularly about its food, art, customs, and patterns of behavior. These are the outward manifestations of a syste
23、m of values, assumptions, and deeply rooted beliefs. Culture emerges as a group of people meet and then react to the challenges of life. The responses to those challenges that are successful are taught and shared among members of the group and are passed on from the older to the younger members. Cul
24、ture is then learned through experience. You can think of culture as having three levels: first, the top level is the outward manifestations, the artifacts: visible behavior, art, clothing and so on; second, in the middle level are the values. These are invisible roles that cause the artifacts; thir
25、dly, the most powerful dimension of culture is the implicit cultural assumptions. These assumptions lie so deep that they are never questioned, stated or defended. Culture also exists among Americans, but what are the implicit cultural assumptions of Americans? Some of the most distinctive character
26、istics of the American culture are: individualism, equality, competition, personal control of the environment, self-help concept, action orientation, informality, directness, practicality, materialism, and problem-solving orientation. These American values and deeply rooted beliefs are very differen
27、t from other countrys values and beliefs. The implicit cultural assumptions of Americans are often opposed to those of other cultures. When individuals from different cultures run into each others values and beliefs, cross-cultural misunderstandings take place. Now, lets talk about the main causes f
28、or cross-cultural misunderstandings. People constantly interact with people who have similar views and who reinforce their beliefs. To be able to distinguish between the in-group and the out-group is of central importance for individuals because it allows them tc find who they are and who they are n
29、ot. In the book entitled Cross Cultural Encounters , Brislim states: If individuals have out-groups whom they can blame for troubles, the in-group is then solidified since there is a common goal around which to rally. Later on he says: Individuals become accustomed to reacting in terms of in-group a
30、nd out-group. They continue to use such distinctions when interacting with people from other cultures whom they do not know. This in-group/out-group distinction provides us with the basis for ethnocentrism, which is the tendency to interpret and to judge all other groups, their environment, and thei
31、r communication according to the categories and values of our own culture. We are guilty of ethnocentrism when we hold that our view of the world is the right one, the correct one, and the only one. We are all familiar with stereotyping, which is one of the most serious problems in intercultural com
32、munication. Our tendency to hold beliefs about groups of individuals based on previously formed opinions, perceptions, and attitudes is often a defense mechanism, a way of reducing anxiety. There are many other causes of cross-cultural misunderstanding: lack of trust, lack of empathy, and the misuse
33、 of power. All of us know what they are about and the turmoil that they cause. But, how can we do a better job at communicating among cultures? This is actually the last part of my talk. The same skills that we need to communicate in general apply to cross-cultural communication. Lets look at some o
34、f those skills: 1. Know yourself: Identify your attitudes, your opinions, and the biases that we all carry around. Identify your likes, your dislikes, your prejudices, and your degree of personal ethnocentrism. 2. Take time: Listen to the other person and allow him or her to accomplish their purpose
35、. Dont jump to conclusions. Sometimes we finish the thoughts and ideas of the other person before he or she has finished talking. In some cultures, non-verbal styles call for periods of silence and long pauses. 3. Encourage feedback= Feedback allows communicators to correct and adjust messages. With
36、out feedback we cannot have agreement. First we must create an atmosphere where others are encouraged to give us feedback. Again, dont be afraid of silence. It could be the appropriate feedback at times. 4. Develop empathy: The greater the difference between us and others, the harder it is to empath
37、ize. To develop empathy we must put ourselves in the other persons place. By becoming more sensitive to the needs, values, and goals of the other person, we overcome our ethnocentric tendencies. 5. Seek the commonalities among diverse cultures: Despite our cultural differences we are all alike in ma
38、ny ways. We need to seek that common ground to establish a bond between ourselves and the rest of humanity. All right. I think I have covered the three main parts of my talk. Finally, I would like to reiterate that although our own ethnocentrism might have hindered us from getting to know people fro
39、m other cultures, let us be more than ever committed to helping ourselves and others overcome the barrier that culture creates. Let us endeavor to minimize the occurrences of cross-cultural misunderstandings as we develop the attitudes and the skills that are needed to communicate cross-culturally.
40、解析 本题考查文化第一层次外部表征的例子。讲座中有两处提到这些外部表征的例子，只要任选其一填入即可。解析：Values解析 本题属于细节题，即文化的第二层次是Values，注意首字母大写。解析：Implicit解析 录音提到文化有三个层次，第三个层次是文化最强大的部分，即隐含的文化假设。因此本题应填入Implicit。注意首字母要大写。解析：identity解析 本题考查概括信息的能力。讲座提到，对个人来讲，能否区分局内人与局外人至关重要，因为这能帮助他们辨清who they are and who they are not。题目中的an提示了此处应填以元音字母开头的单词，故identity最
41、佳。解析：interpret and judge解析 录音提到局内人和局外人的差异能给我们带来民族优越感，有解释和判断其他群体的倾向。因此本题填入interpret and judge。解析：defense mechanism解析 讲座中提到，我们对别人的成见是一种用于减低焦虑的防御机制。因此填defense mechanism。解析：misuse of power解析 根据讲座，引起跨文化误解的其他因素有缺乏信任、缺乏同情心、滥用权力。这里填misuse of power。解析：Know yourself解析 应对跨文化交际的第一个技巧就是“认识自己”。因此填Know yourself，注意
42、首字母大写。解析：Take time解析 本题考查跨文化交际的第二个技巧，即花费一些时间。因此本题填入Take time。解析：long pauses解析 讲座中提到，不要操之过急，在一些文化中，沉默和长时间的停顿(long pauses)是允许的。解析：agreement解析 本题目是原文“没有反馈，我们就不能达成一致的协议”的同义转换，故填agreement。解析：Silence解析 录音提到，不要害怕沉默，有时沉默也是一种对他人恰当的反馈。结合提纲内容，本题应填入Silence。解析：Develop解析 本题考查跨文化交际的第四个技巧，即Develop empathy。故填入Develo
43、p，注意首字母要大写。解析：values and goals解析 录音提到，为了发挥我们的同情心，我们必须设身处地为他人考虑事情。克服民族优越感的倾向，重视他人的需求、价值和目标。故填入values and goals。解析：Commonalities/Common grounds解析 本题考查跨文化交际的第五个技巧，即寻找不同文化的共同之处(commonalities)。这里也可以填其同义词组Common grounds。三、SECTION B INTERVIEW(总题数：2，分数：40.00)（分数：20.00）A.It familiarizes the freshers with the
44、 coming college life.B.It offers many academic classes and lectures.C.It includes many outside activities.D.It offers training opportunities for college students.解析：听力原文 M: Well. It wasnt a camp under canvas with sing songs round a camp fire of course! We had a number of students who were going to j
45、oin us in September living on campus during August, and we tried to give them experience of some features of university life that might be unfamiliar and rather alarming. Not academic classes and lectures, but living together, and making friends and taking part in some outside activities, but not to
46、o many. And we tried to show them what we had learned about how to organize your work, so as to do justice to a range of different subjects. And to let them know the points at which they needed to make choices. And to know that westudents in the year senior to them, were friendly and really wanted t
47、hem to do well. W: Sounds good. That kind of responsibility can be intimidating if you are dropped into it without any sort of assistanceespecially if you are the first member of your family to get into University. M: Yes, indeed it can. That was what happened to me. My parents were entirely supportive, but they simply had no idea what the experience of University study was like. It took me several months to find my feet. Thats why I was keen to get involved in the orientation project. W: So what do you get out of your involvement? M: As I said, I learned how to identify the problems, a
