1、专业八级分类模拟 391 及答案解析(总分：60.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、LANGUAGE USAGE(总题数：3，分数：60.00)Now what began in Japan is happening globally. As David Brooks wrote in his New York Times column yesterday, fertility is on decline in 1 much of the world, from Iran1.7 births per womanto Russia, which 2 low fertility combines w
2、ith high death rates means the population is 3 already shrinking. To Brooks, the world is facing with what the writer 4 Phillip Longman has called the gray tsunamia moment the population over 60 swamps those under 30. And that includes the US, which has long had high birthrates than most developed n
3、ations: 5 But even that is looking fragile. The 2010 census suggested that US population growth be decelerating faster than many expected. 6 However, it“s probably wrong to see this as a demographic 7 competition. American living standards will be hurt by an aging and less dynamic world, even if the
4、 US does attract young workers. For decade, people took dynamism and economic growth for granted 8 and saw population growth as a problem. Now we“ve gone to the other extreme, and it“s clear that young people are the scarce resource. In the 21st century, the US could be the slowly aging leader of a
5、rapid aging world. 9 To Brooks this is a slow-motion disaster. Aging countries will face the burden of caring for large elderly populations without a large source of 10 young workers to draw on. But here“s the thing: a Centrum Silver world may have a silver lining for the planet.（分数：10.00）Cultural t
6、endencies impact the way children participate in education. There are different expectations about “normal“ school behavior for students from individualist and collectivist cultures. Take a moment to think about what teachers who lack knowledge 11 about culture might interpret the behavior of a chil
7、d from a collectivist culture. These differences may cause educators 12 inaccurately judge students from some cultures as poorly behaved or disrespectful. In addition, because cultural differences are hard to perceive, students may find them reprimanded by teachers but fail to 13 understand what the
8、y did that caused concern. The influence of culture in beliefs about education, the value of 14 education, and participation styles cannot be overestimated. Many Asian students, for example, tend to be quiet in class, and using 15 eye contact with teachers is considered inappropriate for many of the
9、se children. In contrast, most European American children are taught to value active classroom discussion and to look teachers directly in the eyes to show respect, while their teachers view 16 students“ participation as a signal of engagement and competence. 17 Another contrast involves the role of
10、 Hispanic parents in education. Parents from some Hispanic cultures tend to regard teachers as experts and will often refer educational decision making 18 to them. In contrast, European American parents are often more actively involved in their children“s classrooms, are visible in the classrooms, o
11、r volunteer and assist teachers. These cultural differences in value and belief may cause educators to make accurate judgments regarding the value that non-European American 19 families place on education. While it is important to keep in the 20 mind that different cultural groups tend to follow par
12、ticular language and interaction styles, there is tremendous variability within cultural groups.（分数：25.00）People in every workplace talk about organizational culture, the mysterious word that characterizes a work environment. One of the key questions and assessments, when employers interview a persp
13、ective employee, is to explore whether the candidate is a good 21 cultural fit. Culture is difficult to define, but you generally know when you will have found an employee who appears to fit your 22 culture. He just feels right. Culture is environment that surrounds you at work all of the 23 time. C
14、ulture is a powerful element that shapes your work enjoyment, your work relationships, and your work processes. But, culture is something which you cannot actually see, except through 24 their physical manifestations in your work place. 25 In any ways, culture is like personality. In a person, the 2
15、6 personality is made up of the values, beliefs, underlying assumptions, interests, experiences, upbringing, and habits that create a person“s behavior. Culture is made up of the values, beliefs, underlying assumptions, attitudes, but behaviors shared by a group of people. 27 Culture is the behavior
16、 that results when a group arrives in a set of 28 generally unspoken and unwrittenrules for working together. An organization“s culture is made up of all of the life experience each employee brings to the organization. Culture is 29 especially influenced by the organization“s founder, executives, an
17、d another managerial staff because of their role of decision-making and 30 strategic direction.（分数：25.00）专业八级分类模拟 391 答案解析(总分：60.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、LANGUAGE USAGE(总题数：3，分数：60.00)Now what began in Japan is happening globally. As David Brooks wrote in his New York Times column yesterday, fertility is on
18、decline in 1 much of the world, from Iran1.7 births per womanto Russia, which 2 low fertility combines with high death rates means the population is 3 already shrinking. To Brooks, the world is facing with what the writer 4 Phillip Longman has called the gray tsunamia moment the population over 60 s
19、wamps those under 30. And that includes the US, which has long had high birthrates than most developed nations: 5 But even that is looking fragile. The 2010 census suggested that US population growth be decelerating faster than many expected. 6 However, it“s probably wrong to see this as a demograph
20、ic 7 competition. American living standards will be hurt by an aging and less dynamic world, even if the US does attract young workers. For decade, people took dynamism and economic growth for granted 8 and saw population growth as a problem. Now we“ve gone to the other extreme, and it“s clear that
21、young people are the scarce resource. In the 21st century, the US could be the slowly aging leader of a rapid aging world. 9 To Brooks this is a slow-motion disaster. Aging countries will face the burden of caring for large elderly populations without a large source of 10 young workers to draw on. B
22、ut here“s the thing: a Centrum Silver world may have a silver lining for the planet.（分数：10.00）解析：declinethe 考点 本题考查冠词的用法。 解析 on the decline 是固定搭配，表示“下跌，下降”，不能省略定冠词 the。解析：whichwhere 或者whichin 考点 本题考查定语从句的用法。 解析 此定语从句中缺少地点状语，即“在那些低出生率高死亡率的国家中”，因此要用关系副词where 引导，或者在关系代词 which 前加介词 in。解析：combinescombine
23、d 考点 本题考查非谓语动词的用法。 解析 low fertility 是定语从句中的主语，means 是谓语动词，combined with high death rates 是主语的后置定语，fertility 做为 combine 的受动者，需要用-ed 分词表示被动含义。解析：with/ 考点 本题考查及物动词的用法。 解析 face 是及物动词，可以直接和名词搭配使用，表示“面对”，无需用介词 with。解析：highhigher 考点 本题考查形容词比较级的用法。 解析 本句的意思是“美国的出生率高于其他多数发达国家”，有表示“比较”的含义，需要形容词的比较级 higher 和 t
24、han 搭配使用。解析：beis 考点 本题考查虚拟语气的误用。 解析 动词 suggest 的宾语从句中是否用虚拟语气取决于它的含义，如果表示“建议”就必须用虚拟语气，如果表示“表明，表示”就用陈述语气。句中提到“在 2010 年的人口普查表明美国的人口增长率远低于多数人的期望值”，因此用陈述语气更恰当。解析：HoweverBesides, Moreover 考点 本题考查逻辑关系。 解析 上文提到的“美国目前人口增长速度减缓”和下文所指的“不应该看作是美国和其他发达国家间人口增长的竞赛”，因为两者对今后世界的发展都有弊端，前后是顺接关系，而不是转折关系，所以用besides 或 moreo
25、ver 更恰当。解析：decadedecades 考点 本题考查可数名词的用法。 解析 decade 是可数名词，表示“十年”，for decades 表示“几十年，很多年”，应该用名词的复数形式。解析：rapidrapidly 考点 本题考查词性辨析。 解析 rapid 是形容词，用来修饰名词；rapidly 是副词，可以用来修饰动词或动名词。此句中应该用副词 rapidly 修饰动名词 aging。解析：sourceresource 考点 本题考查名词辨析。 解析 source 表示“来源”；resource 表示“(人力)资源”。本句提到“吸引大量的年轻人成为人力资源的储备”，因此用后者
26、更适合。Cultural tendencies impact the way children participate in education. There are different expectations about “normal“ school behavior for students from individualist and collectivist cultures. Take a moment to think about what teachers who lack knowledge 11 about culture might interpret the beha
27、vior of a child from a collectivist culture. These differences may cause educators 12 inaccurately judge students from some cultures as poorly behaved or disrespectful. In addition, because cultural differences are hard to perceive, students may find them reprimanded by teachers but fail to 13 under
28、stand what they did that caused concern. The influence of culture in beliefs about education, the value of 14 education, and participation styles cannot be overestimated. Many Asian students, for example, tend to be quiet in class, and using 15 eye contact with teachers is considered inappropriate f
29、or many of these children. In contrast, most European American children are taught to value active classroom discussion and to look teachers directly in the eyes to show respect, while their teachers view 16 students“ participation as a signal of engagement and competence. 17 Another contrast involv
30、es the role of Hispanic parents in education. Parents from some Hispanic cultures tend to regard teachers as experts and will often refer educational decision making 18 to them. In contrast, European American parents are often more actively involved in their children“s classrooms, are visible in the
31、 classrooms, or volunteer and assist teachers. These cultural differences in value and belief may cause educators to make accurate judgments regarding the value that non-European American 19 families place on education. While it is important to keep in the 20 mind that different cultural groups tend
32、 to follow particular language and interaction styles, there is tremendous variability within cultural groups.（分数：25.00）解析：whathow解析 从句引导词误用。该句意思是“花一些时间去想一想那些文化知识缺乏的老师是如何理解集体主义环境中孩子的行为的。”宾语从句中不缺少宾语，而缺少状语，故将引导词 what 改为how。解析：educatorsto解析 动词不定式符号 to 的缺失。该句意思是“这些差异可能会导致教育者们将一些孩子的行为误解为表现不好或是不尊重他人。”caus
33、e sb. to do sth. 为常用表达，动词 cause后接动词不定式时，不能省略动词不定式符号 to，因此加上 to。解析：themthemselves解析 代词误用。该句意思是“学生们也许会发现自己被老师谴责却不明白到底是他们做了什么而导致的。”根据句意可知，这里代词应该用反身代词，故将 them 改为 themselves。解析：inon解析 介词误用。该句意思是“文化对教育理念的影响。”表示“对的影响”，通常用 influence 与 on 搭配使用，故将介词 in 改为 on。解析：usingmaking解析 固定搭配错误。该句意思是“并且对很多孩子而言，与老师进行眼神交流是不
34、合适的举动”。make eye contact with sb.是固定搭配，故将 using 改为 making。解析：eyeseye解析 名词单复数错误。该句意思是“直视老师的眼睛以示尊重”。in the eye 只是强调眼睛这一部位，不需要用复数形式，且 look sb. in the eye 为固定表达，意为“直视某人，正视某人”，故将 eyes 改为 eye。解析：signalsign解析 词义混淆。该句意思是“而他们的老师们会将学生的参与视为一种感兴趣和能力的体现。”signal 的意思是“信号”，而 sign 的意思是“迹象”。根据语义，后者更为合适，故将 signal 改为 si
35、gn。解析：referdefer解析 词义混淆。该句意思是“甚至会在教育决定方面听从于他们。”defer.to.为固定搭配，意思是“听从于，服从于”，符合句意，而，refer.to.意为“提交，归于”，不符合句意，故将 refer 改为 defer。解析：accurateinaccurate解析 语义错误。该句意思是“这种在价值观和理念上的文化差异会使教育者们做出不准确的判断。”根据语义，应将 accurate 改为 inaccurate。解析：the the 解析 冠词冗余。该句意思是“记住这一点很重要 不同的文化群体会遵从特定的语言和交流的方式。”keep in mind 为固定搭配，不需
36、要加定冠词 the，故将 the 去掉。People in every workplace talk about organizational culture, the mysterious word that characterizes a work environment. One of the key questions and assessments, when employers interview a perspective employee, is to explore whether the candidate is a good 21 cultural fit. Cultur
37、e is difficult to define, but you generally know when you will have found an employee who appears to fit your 22 culture. He just feels right. Culture is environment that surrounds you at work all of the 23 time. Culture is a powerful element that shapes your work enjoyment, your work relationships,
38、 and your work processes. But, culture is something which you cannot actually see, except through 24 their physical manifestations in your work place. 25 In any ways, culture is like personality. In a person, the 26 personality is made up of the values, beliefs, underlying assumptions, interests, ex
39、periences, upbringing, and habits that create a person“s behavior. Culture is made up of the values, beliefs, underlying assumptions, attitudes, but behaviors shared by a group of people. 27 Culture is the behavior that results when a group arrives in a set of 28 generally unspoken and unwrittenrule
40、s for working together. An organization“s culture is made up of all of the life experience each employee brings to the organization. Culture is 29 especially influenced by the organization“s founder, executives, and another managerial staff because of their role of decision-making and 30 strategic d
41、irection.（分数：25.00）解析：perspectiveprospective解析 形近词误用。perspective 的意思是“透视的”，而该处要表达的意思是“当雇主面试未来的雇员时”，故应该用 prospective“未来的，潜在的”。解析：will will 解析 情态动词冗余。该处为 when 引导的时间状语从句，主句为 you generally know，用的是一般现在时，从句谓语动词 find 应发生在 know 之前，所以用完成时即可，故将 will 去掉。解析：environmentthe解析 冠词缺失。该句句意为“文化是在你工作时一直伴随你左右的一种环境。”此处环
42、境是特指工作环境，故在其前面加入定冠词 the。解析：whichthat解析 从句引导词误用。该句为定语从句，先行词为 something。当先行词为不定代词时，引导定语从句的关系词应该用 that。该句句意为“文化是你实际上看不到的某种东西。”解析：theirits解析 代词误用。该处代词指代的是上文中提及的 culture，为不可数名词，故应将their 改为 its。解析：anymany解析 语义错误。in any way 的意思是“以任何方式，在任何情况下”，而 in many ways 的意思是“在很多方面”。本句意为“在很多方面，文化就好比人的个性。”故将 any 改为 many。
43、解析：butand解析 连词误用。该处的 behaviors 与前面的 the values，beliefs，underlying assumptions，attitudes 是并列关系，都是构成文化的元素，故将 but 改为 and。解析：inat解析 介词误用。arrive at 后面可以跟表抽象概念的词，如 agreement，rules 等，相当于 reach，而 arrive in 后通常跟表示大地点的名词。此处宾语为 a set of rules for working together，故将 in 改为 at。解析：experienceexperiences解析 名词单复数错误。experience 在表示“经验”时为不可数名词，在表示“经历”时则可数，根据上下文可知，life experience 在此指“生活经历”，故应使用复数形式。解析：anotherother解析 代词误用。managerial staff 的意思是“管理人员”，another 的意思是“另一个”，而 other 的意思是“其他的”。根据句意，此处意思是“除了上文所述的其他管理人员”，故将 another 改为 other。
