1、专业八级-1084 及答案解析(总分：107.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、PART LISTENING COM(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、SECTION A(总题数：1，分数：10.00)How Market Leaders Keep Their EdgeResearch finds that there are three methods with which big companies keep their advantages, and researchers name them three different value disciplines.1. Discipline o
2、f 1 Excellence: 1. _.The company wins through cost. These companies usually try to provide customers with 2 and 2. _.easy service, or both. They may also try their best to cut cost. Price/Costco is an example. 2. Discipline of Product 3 : 3. _.This kind of companies usually win with product. These c
3、ompanies attract customers mainly by continuously 4 their product or services. 4. _.In order to achieve this purpose, they have to challenge themselves in three ways: a. They must be 5 ; 5. _.b. They must commercialize their 6 quickly; 6. _.c. They must keep 7 . 7. _.3. Discipline of Customer Intima
4、cy: Companies of this kind mainly win with intimate 8 . 8. _.Intimate customer relation is like the relation between close neighbours. These companies usually try to provide what a particular customer wants rather than what the 9 wants in general. 9. _.These companies regard it important to understa
5、nd customers and their need. 10 is the greatest assets to these companies. What they value is 10. _.not instant profit, but relationships.Cable a less adventuresome way is to do crossword puzzles.“A hot topic down the road,“ Coffey said, will be whether education even late in life has a protective e
6、ffect against mental decline.Just how education might affect brain cells is unknown. In their report, the researchers speculated that in people with more education, certain brain structures deeper than the cortex may stay intact to compensate for cortical shrinkage.（分数：5.00）(1).According to this pas
7、sage, all of the following factors could account for brain shrinkage EXCEPT _.A. age B. education C. health D. exercise（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Which of the following statements is true?A. The brain of an adult person shrinks 2.5% every 10 years.B. The cerebrospinal fluid of a person with 8 years of edu
8、cation may have increased 17.7 milliliters.C. The cerebrospinal fluid of a person with 16 years of education may increase by 10%.D. The brain of an aged person shrinks 5% every 10 years.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).What does Coffey mean, by saying “Education can be a proxy for many things“?A. Education deci
9、des the capacity of brain.B. Education is not the only elements that affect brain shrinkage.C. A lot of elements that affect health (including brain shrinkage) can be said to be education.D. More education always means less bad habits.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).According to Coffeys research, the brain may
10、 benefit from _.A. running B. playing chess C. swimming D. playing football（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(5).From this passage, we can conclude that _.A. education is beneficial to mental developmentB. education protects the brain from shrinkingC. education has a protective effect against mental declineD. educat
11、ion affects overall brain structures（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.七、TEXT B(总题数：1，分数：4.00)As every ancient mariner knew, traveling by sail is a simple way to go. Though the winds could be fickle and the boats pokey, the energy source that moved the ship was free, plentiful and renewable. Now the same technology t
12、hat conquered the oceans of Earth may conquer the ocean of space.This week a Russian and American consortium will announce plans for an April launch of the first so-called solar-sail vehicle, a multicasted spacecraft that will use sunlight to push itself along. To a public raised on smoke-and-tire r
13、ocketry, the idea of drawing energy straight from space seems fanciful. To the people behind the new ship, however, the technology is not only sensible but inevitable, the easiest way to reinvent the business of cosmic travel. “This allows us to use very little fuel to fly very great distances,“ say
14、s Bud Schurmeier, a former NASA engineer and an adviser to the project. “Its an in triguing concept.“The idea behind solar sailing is simple. Although light is made of massless particles called photons, such ephemeral things exert real pressure, especially when they flow so close a source as the sun
15、. Attach a sail of lightweight Mylar or other material to a spacecraft, set it up in the path of that outrushing energy, and you ought to be able to move in almost any direction.NASA has a keen interest in solar sailing and had budgeted $ 5 million to investigate 17 possible missions. It may select
16、one as early as next month. But while the space agency has been mulling plans, the people behind the new ship, dubbed Cosmos I, have been getting set to fly. The project is the brainchild of Russias Babakin Space Center, near Moscow, and the Planetary Society in Pasadena, Calif. , a think tank found
17、ed in 1979 by astronomer Carl Sagan and others. The two groups had long been developing plans for a solar-sail mission but got the cash to make it happen only last year when Ann Druyan, Sagans widow and head of the Media Company Cosmos Studios, and Joe Firmage, the founder of US Web, threw their nam
18、es and about $ 4 million behind the effort. “I had talked to people about solar sailing before,“ says Lou Friedman ,former engineer at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena and director of the Planetary Society, “but between the Russians capabilities and Anns vision, I knew this one would click.
19、“The spacecraft is a 3-ft. metal with eight 35-ft. metallic wings. Mylar petals sprout from it - though the prototype used in the April launch will have just two petals. Mounted atop a reconfigured Russian ICBM and launched from a sub in the B arents Sea, the Cosmos I will fly to an altitude of 260
20、miles, where it will deploy the wings and float for a minute of so. If all goes well, the wings will then be jettisoned and the sphere aerobraked back to Earth, its bounce-down on Russian soil cushioned by air bags.By some measures, this cosmic lob shot is not that impressive, but for solar-sail sci
21、entists, the engineering is every thing. Few doubt that when sunlight strikes the wings, the spacecraft will accelerate; the key is building wings that can open and pivot, allowing the ship to tack into the solar stream. If this mission works, a more ambitious orbital flight, using the eight-paneled
22、 craft, is set for the end of the year. The space-craft could circle Earth for months, surfing the sun until designers shut it down. “There will be a grandeur to it,“ says Druyan, “a 70-ft. sail that will be visible to the whole plan et.“Grandeur aside, critics wonder if solar sails have a future. T
23、he technique is problematic in Earth orbit, since the changing position of sun relative to the space-craft makes constant tacking necessary. Sailing is best used for as the crow flies shots to neighboring planets. Even in these cases, progress can be slow, since sunlight exerts, at most, 2 lbs. of p
24、res sure per square half-mile, requiring a year or more to rev a spacecraft to interplanetary speeds. Worse, beyond Jupiter, sunlight flickers out almost entirely; to go any farther would require energy beamen from Earth orbit, perhaps by giant laser howitzers. “None of these things has been tested,
25、 “says Mel Monte-merlo, one of NASAs solar-sailing chiefs. “We have a long way to go.“Whether that will continue to seem such a long way may depend on the spring-time flight of Cosmos I. A successful mission has a way of making impossible technologies seem possible - a big burden for a small rocket
26、that will, for one day at least, carry the hopes of the worlds space community.（分数：4.00）(1).What is the energy source of this so-called solar-sail vehicle?A. Sunlight. B. Nuclear. C. Wind. D. Electricity.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).What does “brainchild“ in the paragrapth 4 mean?A. Patent. B. Invention. C.
27、 Hope. D. Pride.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).What of the following correctly describe Cosmos I?A. It is a 3-ft. metal pod.B. It has eight 35-ft. metallic wings.C. It can fly an altitude above 260 miles.D. When it flies back to Earth, it will fall into pieces.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).What can be inferred from th
28、e passage?A. Most scientists are confident that the spacecraft will work well.B. A more ambitious orbital flight will follow this mission.C. The author is quite sure that this mission will make impossible technologies seem possible.D. The key of the engineering of Cosmos I is building wings that can
29、 open and pivot.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.八、TEXT C(总题数：2，分数：9.00)No one can be a great thinker who does not realize that as a thinker it is his first duty to follow his intellect to whatever conclusions it may lead. Truth gains more even by the errors of one who, with due study and preparation, thinks for hi
30、mself, than by the true opinions of those who only hold them because they do not suffer themselves to think. Not that it is solely, or chiefly, to form great thinkers that freedom of thinking is required. On the contrary, it is as much or even more indispensable to enable average human beings to att
31、ain the mental stature which they are capable of. There have been, and may again be, great individual thinkers in a general atmosphere of mental slavery. But there never has been, nor ever will be, in that atmosphere an intellectually active people. Where any people has made a temporary approach to
32、such a character, it has been be- cause the dread of heterodox speculation was for a time suspended. Where there is a tacit convention that prince-pies are not to be disputed: which can occupy humanity is considered to be closed, we cannot hope to find that generally high scale of mental activity wh
33、ich had made some periods of history so remarkable. Never when controversy avoided the subjects which was large and important enough to kindle enthusiasm was the mind of a people stirred up from its foundations and the impulse given which raised even persons of the most ordinary intellect to somethi
34、ng of the dignity of thinking beings.He who knows only his own side of the case knows little of that. His reasons may be good, and no one may have been able to refute them. But if he is equally unable to refute the reasons on the opposite side; if he does not so much as know what they are, he has no
35、 ground for preferring either opinion. The rational position for him would be suspension of judgment, and unless he contents himself with that, he is either led by authority, or adopts, like the generality of the world, the side to which he feels the most inclination. Nor is it enough that he should
36、 hear the arguments of adversaries from his own teachers, presented as they state them, and ac- companied by what they offer as refutations, or bring them into real contact with his own mind. He must be a- ble to hear them from persons who actually believe them; who defend them in earnest, and do th
37、eir very utmost for them. He must know them in their most plausible and persuasive form: he must feel the whole force of the difficulty which the true view of the subject has to encounter and dispose of; else he will never really possess himself of the portion of truth which meets and removes that d
38、ifficulty. Ninety-nine in a hundred of what are called educated men are in this condition; even of those who can argue fluently for their opinions. Their conclusion may be true, but it might be false for anything they know; they have never thrown themselves into the mental position of those who thin
39、k differently from them and considered what such persons may have to say; and consequently they do not, in any proper sense of the word, know the doctrines which they themselves pro- fess. They do not know the doctrines which they themselves profess. They do not know those parts of it which explain
40、and justify the remainder; the considerations which show that a fact which seemingly conflicts with an- other is reconcilable with it, or that, of two apparently strong reasons, one and not the other ought to be preferred. (614)（分数：3.00）(1).According to the author, it is always advisable to_.A. have
41、 opinions which can not be refutedB. adopt the point of view to which he feels the most inclinationC. be acquainted with the arguments favoring the point of view with which he disagreesD. suspended heterodox speculation（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The best title for this passage is_.A. The Age of ReasonB. T
42、he Need for Independent ThinkingC. The Value of RefutationD. How People Think（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).According to the author, which of the following statements is TRUE?A. Most educated people study both sides of a question.B. Heterodox speculation will lead to many errors in thinking.C. The vast majori
43、ty of people who argue fluently are acquainted with only one side of an issue.D. It is wise to get both sides of a debatable issue from ones teachers.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.St. Paul didnt like it. Moses warned his people against it. Hesiod declared it “mischievous“ and “hard to get rid of it,“ but Oscar W
44、ilde said, “Gossip is charming.“ “History is merely gossip,“ he wrote in one of his famous plays. But scandal is gossip made tedious by morality.In times past, under Jewish law, gossipmongers might be fined or flogged. The Puritans put them in stocks or ducking stools, but no punishment seemed to ha
45、ve the desired effect of preventing gossip, which has continued uninterrupted across the back fences of the centuries.Today, however, the much-maligned human foible is being looked at in a different light. Psychologists, sociologists, philosophers, even evolutionary biologists are concluding that go
46、ssip may not be so bad after all.Gossip is “an intrinsic valuable activity,“ philosophy professor Aaron Ben-Zee states in a book he has edited, entitled Good Gossip. For one thing, gossip helps us acquire information that we need to know that doesnt come through ordinary channels, such as: “What was
47、 the real reason so-and-so was fired from the office?“ Gossip also is a form of social bonding, Dr. Ben-Zee says. It is “a kind of sharing“ that also “satisfies the tribal neednamely, the need to belong to and be accepted by a unique group.“ Whats more, the professor notes, “Gossip is enjoyable.“Ano
48、ther gossip groupie, Dr. Ronald De Sousa, a professor of philosophy at the University of Toronto, describes gossip basically as a form of indiscretion and a “saintly virtue“, by which he means that the knowledge spread by gossip will usually end up being slightly beneficial. “It seems likely that a
49、world in which all information were universally available would be preferable to a world where immense power resides in the control of secrets,“ he writes.Still, everybody knows that gossip can have its ill effects, especially on the poor wretch being gossiped about. And people should refrain from certain kinds of gossip that might be harmful, even though the ducking stool is long out of fashion.By the way, there is also an interesting strain of gossip called medical gossip, which in its best form, ac
