1、专业八级-1079 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、PART LISTENING COM(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、SECTION A(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Complete the gap-filling task. Some of the gaps below may require a maximum of THREE words. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may refer to y
2、our notes.In the United States, charter schools provide alternatives to “regular“ public schools. Unlike most public schools, charters dont usually have an enrollment boundary and can recruit students from a larger geographic area. Features of charter schools1) admission process no discrimination a
3、random of method like a (1) 2) many different shapes to cater to (2) to offer a thematic or specialized curriculum to provide an alternative to regular public school3) location more likely to be found in (3) areas4) management run by large and small companies, parents, teachers, community groups and
4、 nonprofit organizations5) size most charter schools are new and (4) 6) academic results Charter schools dont necessarily produce better academic results than regular public schools. Funding of charter schools1) mostly from the state, generally based on their (5) 2) also from grants and additional d
5、onations for ambitious programs not fully funded y state/district formulas3) also a limited amount of (6) to help start new charter schools4) Funding for facilities can be a (7) for charter schools. Monitoring of charter schools1) authorizers (8) that grant schools their charter, and monitor their p
6、erformance including charter boards, school boards and (9) 2) key reasons schools close They cant recruit enough students. They cant find a stable space to operate. They cant manage their (10) .（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_三、SECTION B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)
7、Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given0 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the interview.（分数：5.00）(1).What did Mrs. Bruces attitude towards suffragette movement use to be?A. Supportive. B. Contradictory. C. Neutral
8、. D. Ambiguous.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).What did Mrs. Bruce think of the suffragettes efforts?A. They were useless.B. They were ridiculous.C. They were good in a lot of ways.D. They were somewhat limited.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Which of the following statements about the suffragette movement is TRUE accord
9、ing to Mrs. Bruce?A. There would be much difference without the movement.B. The movement should be more peaceful.C. The movement actually did nothing good.D. The movement brought something harmful in the long term.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Which of the following about marching in the suffragette movement
10、 days is NOT true?A. The marching was violent.B. Nobody interfered.C. There were a few boos.D. There was a lot of clapping.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(5).What does Mrs. Bruce think about politics?A. She thinks women shouldnt enter politics.B. She thinks beating men at politics is great.C. She thinks women som
11、etimes can be better at politics than men.D. She thinks politics is mens job.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.四、SECTION C(总题数：4，分数：5.00)1.Question 10 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the question. Now listen to the news.Why did the shares in Europea
12、n banks fall sharply?A. Because European share indices fell around 3%.B. Because euro slid against other currencies.C. Because Europes debt problems got worse.D. Because the European Central Bank is about to end a program of support for banks.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.2.Question 6 is based on the following n
13、ews. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the question. Now listen to the news.To ease restrictions imposed on Palestinians living in the West Bank, Israel plans to _.A. remove road blocksB. allow more Palestinians to travel to IsraelC. remove trade barriersD. provide
14、food for Palestinian refugees（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.3.Question 7 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the question. Now listen to the news.Which of the following statements about the massive wild fire is NOT true?A. It lasted for 5 days.B. It
15、was fueled by the Santa Ana winds.C. It caused 4 firefighters to be badly wounded.D. It caused the loss of 34 houses.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.Questions 8 to 9 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the news.（分数：2.00）(
16、1).According to the news, we can know that_.A. Obama is the first president to change health care systemB. the U.S. is the only country where millions of people cant get health careC. health insurance in America is very expensive for the civiliansD. Americans dont need health insurance to get treatm
17、ent（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Many Americans were against Obamas plan about changing the American health care system because _.A. its hard to make health-care cheaperB. its too expensive for the government C. its impractical at the very momentD. its bad for the insurance industry（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.五、PART RE
18、ADING COMPR(总题数：0，分数：0.00)六、TEXT A(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy or despondent? It turns out that the expression of many emotions may be universal. Smiling is apparently a universal sign of fr
19、iendliness and approval. Baring the teeth in a hostile way, as noted by Charles Darwin in the nineteenth century, may he a universe sign of anger. As the originator of the theory of evolution, Darwin believed that the universal recognition of facial expressions would have survival value. For example
20、, facial expressions could signal the approach of enemies (or friends) in the absence of language.Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same emotions in a people. Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facial expressions. In clas
21、sic research Paul Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness. He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were being depicted in them. Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore, a tribe
22、 that dwells in the New Guinea highlands. All groups including the Fore, who had almost no contact with Western culture, agreed on the portrayed emotions. The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basi
23、c emotional responses. Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar results in a study of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that multiple emotions were shown by facial expressions. The participants generally agreed on which two emotions were being shown and which
24、 emotion was more intense.Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect emotional states. In fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain. The facial-feedback hypothesis argues, however, tha
25、t the causal relationship between emotions and facial expressions can also work in the opposite direction. According to this hypothesis, signals from the facial muscles (“feedback“) are sent back to emotion centers of the brain, and so a persons facial expression can influence that persons emotional
26、 state. Consider Darwins words: “The free expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions.“ Can smiling give rise to feelings of good will, for example, and frowning to anger?Psychological rese
27、arch has given rise to some interesting findings concerning the facial-feedback hypothesis. Causing participants in experiments to smile, for example, leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons (humorous drawings of people or situations) as being more humorous. When they are ca
28、used to frown, they rate cartoons as being more aggressive.What are the possible links between facial expressions and emotion? One link is arousal, which is the level of activity or preparedness for activity in an organism. Intense contraction of facial muscles, such as those used in signifying fear
29、, heightens arousal. Self-perception of heightened arousal then leads to heightened emotional activity. Other links may involve changes in brain temperature and the release of neurotransmitters (substances that transmit nerve impulses.) The contraction of facial muscles both influences the internal
30、emotional state and reflects it. Ekrnan has found that the so-called Duchenne smile, which is characterized by “crows feet“ wrinkles around the eyes and a subtle drop in the eye cover fold so that the skin above the eye moves down slightly toward the eyeball, can lead to pleasant feelings.Ekmans obs
31、ervation may be relevant to the British expression “keep a stiff upper lip“ as a recommendation for handling stress. It might be that a “stiff“ lip suppresses emotional responseas long as the lip is not quivering with fear or tension. But when the emotion that leads to stiffening the lip is more int
32、ense, and involves strong muscle tension, facial feedback may heighten emotional response.（分数：5.00）(1).The word “despondent“ in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to _.A. curious B. sad C. elated D. skeptical（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Which of the following statements would Darwin NOT agree with?A.
33、 Facial expressions can only reflect emotional states.B. Facial expressions may help people survive.C. Bating the teeth means the same to people all over the world.D. Human emotions that were not expressed would become less intensive.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).According to Paragraph 2, the Fore people _.A
34、. knew little about Western cultureB. showed distinctive facial expressionsC. were famous for their solitudeD. had never been taken photographs of before（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).According to the facial-feedback hypothesis, _.A. there is no link between emotions and facial expressionsB. peoples facial ex
35、pressions can only reflect their emotional statesC. peoples emotional states cannot be influenced by their facial expressionsD. the causal link between emotions and facial expressions is bidirectional（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Ekman has found that _.A. people might have different expressions for the same
36、emotionB. pleasant feelings often stimulate Duchenne smileC. “crows feet“ wrinkles often accompanied the Duchenne smileD. keeping a stiff upper lip was useful for handling stress（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.七、TEXT B(总题数：1，分数：6.00)Jan Hendrik Schons success seemed too good to be true, and it was. In only fuur ye
37、ars as a physicist at Bell Laboratories, Schon, 32, had co-authored 90 scientific papersone every 16 days, which astonished his colleagues, and made them suspicious. When one co-worker noticed that the same table of data appeared in two separate paperswhich also happened to appear in the two most pr
38、estigious scientific journals in the world, Science and Naturethe jig was up. In October 2002, a Bell Labs investigation found that Schon had falsified and fabricated data. His career as a scientist was finished.If it sounds a lot like the fall of Hwang Woo Sukthe South Korean researcher who fabrica
39、ted his evidence about cloning human cellsit is. Scientific scandals, which are as old as science itself, tend to follow similar patterns of hubris and comeuppance. Afterwards, colleagues wring their hands and wonder how such malfeasance can be avoided in the future. But it never is entirely. Scienc
40、e is built on the honor system; the method of peer-review, in which manuscripts are evaluated by experts in the field, is not meant to catch cheats. In recent years, of course, the pressure on scientists to publish in the top journals has increased, making the journals much more crucial to career su
41、ccess. The questions raised anew by Hwangs fall are whether Nature and Science have become too powerful as arbiters of what science reaches the public, and whether the journals are up to their task as gatekeepers.Each scientific specialty has its own set of journals. Physicists have Physical Review
42、Letters; cell biologists have Cell; neuroscientists have Neuron, and so forth. Science and Nature, though, are the only two major journals that cover the gamut of scientific disciplines, from meteorology and zoology to quantum physics and chemistry. As a result, journalists look to them each week fo
43、r the cream of the crop of new science papers. And scientists look to the journals in part to reach journalists. Why do they care? Competition for grants has gotten so fierce that scientists have sought popular renown to gain an edge over their rivals. Publication in specialized journals will win th
44、e accolades of academics and satisfy the publish-or-perish imperative, but Science and Nature come with the added bonus of potentially getting your paper written up in The New York Times and other publications.Scientists are also trying to reach other scientists through Science and Nature, not just
45、the public. Scientists tend to pay more attention to the Big Two than to other journals. When more scientists know about a particular paper, theyre more apt to cite it in their own papers. Being oft-cited will increase a scientists “Impact Factor“, a measure of how often papers are cited by peers. F
46、unding agencies use the Impact Factor as a rough measure of the influence of scientists theyre considering supporting.Whether the clamor to appear in these journals has any bearing on their ability to catch fraud is another matter. The fact is that fraud is terrifically hard to spot. Consider the pr
47、ocess Science used to evaluate Hwangs 2005 article. Science editors recognized the manuscripts import almost as soon as it arrived. As part of the standard procedure, they sent it to two members of its Board of Reviewing Editors, who recommended that it go out for peer review (about 30 percent of ma
48、nuscripts pass this test). This recommendation was made not on the scientific validity of the paper, but on its “novelty, originality, and trendiness,“ says Denis Duboule, a geneticist at the University of Geneva and a member of Sciences Board of Reviewing Editors, in the January 6 issue of Science.
49、After this, Science sent the paper to three stem-cell experts, who had a week to look it over. Their comments were favorable. How were they to know that the data was fraudulent? “You look at the data and do not assume its fraud,“ says one reviewer, anonymously, in Science.In the end, a big scandal now and then isnt likely to d
