1、专业八级-1077 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、PART LISTENING COM(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、SECTION A(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Complete the gap-filling task. Some of the gaps below may require a maximum of THREE words. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may refer to y
2、our notes. Urban problems1) problems to both developed and developing countries, like (1) , traffic congestion, pollution, etc.2) problems peculiar to developing countries: the need to create (2) . Main consequences of uncontrolled urbanization1) (3) of people from the country to the city2) (4) of r
3、ural areas3) urban population (5) 4) pressure on the supply of social services in urban areas health: (6) made worse by overcrowding people from the country to the city education: need for more schools and (7) 5) an excess of labor supply, which in turn leads to (8) activities. Policies to stem unco
4、ntrolled urbanization in developing countries1) to promote a more equal (9) 2) to improve the supply of social services in the rural areas, particularly in health and education3) to give (10) to agriculture, especially to small land owners（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空
5、项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_三、SECTION B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the interview.（分数：5.00）(1).Which of the following statements is TRUE about the research Dr.
6、Smith and his colleagues have been doing?A. They try to help cancer patients overcome fright.B. They help doctors become sensitive to patients feelings.C. They have been doing the research for five years.D. There are totally four of them in the research program.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).What does Dr. Smi
7、th think about doctors ability to communicate bad news?A. Some of the doctors are born with the ability.B. Most doctors can develop the ability naturally by interacting with patients.C. Some doctors dont deem this ability important.D. Doctors can acquire the ability over time by following good model
8、s and practicing.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).According to Dr. Smith, doctors had better _ if his cancer has come back.A. ask the patient about his expectation firstB. ask the patient about his past experience with cancer firstC. tell the patient directlyD. tell the patient everythings OK（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4
9、).Which of the following should NOT doctors do when telling the bad news?A. To use the patients language.B. To be direct and concrete.C. To distance themselves from the patient.D. To show empathy for the patient.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Dr. Smiths motivation to do the research comes from _.A. his experi
10、ence with many cancer patientsB. his mothers death C. his conversation with a senior physicianD. his experience as an oncology trainee（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.四、SECTION C(总题数：3，分数：5.00)1.Question 6 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questi
11、on. Now listen to the news.According to the Palestinian Health Ministry, how many children were killed?A. 750 B. About 250 C. 18 D. 9（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.Questions 9 to 10 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to th
12、e news.（分数：2.00）(1).Foreign ambassadors in Zimbabwe will be thrown out except for _.A. backing its oppositionB. downfalling its governmentC. disclosing its police outrageD. meddling in its internal affairs（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to the news, which of the following is an illustration of the so
13、-called police brutality?A. Four countries have been charged of supporting MDC.B. The political campaign aimed at bringing down its government.C. Some opposition leaders were spotted seriously injured from police detention.D. Mugabes government would expel diplomats for violating the rules.（分数：1.00）
14、A.B.C.D.Questions 7 to 8 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the news.（分数：2.00）(1).Which of the following statements about the Church of the Nativity is NOT true?A. Its located in Bethlehem. B. Its on the b
15、irth place of Jesus Christ. C. Its on Manger Square.D. Less people visited it at Christmas time than a decade ago.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Less pilgrims go to Bethlehem this year because _.A. they are afraid of violenceB. they are forbidden to go thereC. there is great economic crisis thereD. citizens t
16、here are fleeing the city（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.五、PART READING COMPR(总题数：0，分数：0.00)六、TEXT A(总题数：1，分数：6.00)The first performance of Tchaikovskys The Nutcracker, in St. Petersburg in 1892, was a flop. Wrote one critic the next day: “For dancers there is rather little in it; for art absolutely nothing, and f
17、or the artistic fate of our ballet, one more step downward.“ Two decades passed before another production was attempted.A century later, the ballet constitutes the single biggest fine-arts moneymaker in the United States, which has claimed the ballet as its own. In 1996, box-office receipts for some
18、 2,400 American performances of the work by more than 20,000 dancers totaled nearly U.S. $50 million. Despite the ballets popularity, however, few Americans are aware of its historyor of some of the twists and turns of fate that have changed it from its original form.Choreographer Maurice Petipa (kn
19、own as the “father of classical ballet“) prepared the first production for Tchaikovsky in 1892. He based his scenario not on the macabre 1816 short story The Nutcracker and the Mouse King by E.T.A. Hoffmann, which the composer had thought to use for his inspiration, but on Alexander Dumass more beni
20、gn 1845 French adaptation. Petipa did use the Hoffmann version to name his characters, but mixed up some names because he could not read German.In the original story the Mouse King had seven heads and terrified the seven-year-old Marie by foaming blood from all seven mouths and grinding and chatteri
21、ng all seven sets of teeth. These memorable characteristics, along with other sinister qualities in Hoffmanns story, are among those aspects of the original that have been removed in most modern adaptations.Removed from the ballet altogether by Petipa is a vital plot-within-a-plot in the Hoffinann s
22、tory. This is the fairytale related to Marie while she recovers from injuries sustained in the battle between the forces of the Nutcracker and the Mouse King. As a result, the storyline in the ballet does not really make sense.In the fairytale, we learn that the Mouse Kings desire for vengeance has
23、its origins in his evil mother, the wily Madam Mouserinks, whose first seven sons have been executed by the royal court for eating all the fat from the royal familys sausages. In retribution, Madam Mouserinks has attacked the little Princess Pirlipat in her cradle, turning her into a misshapen creat
24、ure whose beauty can be restored only if she eats a certain rare, difficult-to-crack nut called Krakatuk.After many years the nut is finally located in Asia by the court clockmaker and wizard, Drosselmeyer, whose young nephew is identified as a prime candidate to crack it. The young man is already k
25、nown as “the Nutcracker“ for the gallantry he shows in cracking nuts for young ladies in his fathers shop. As predicted, he alone is able to crack the hard nut. He offers it to the princess to eat, and her beauty is restored. At that moment, however, the Nutcracker chances to step backwards, trampli
26、ng on none other than Madam Mouserinks. She is fatally injured, but manages to place a curse on the young man before she dies. He is transformed into a grotesque parody of his former self, with a monstrous head, a yawning mouth and a lever in the back by which his jaw may be moved up and down. Madam
27、 Mouserinks sentences him to battle her son, the Mouse King, whom she bore after the death of her seven previous sons, and who has their seven heads. The curse may be removed only when the Nutcracker is able to win the love of a young lady in spite of his ugliness “Hoffi-nann, the author of the orig
28、inal Nutcracker story, was as peculiar as many of his characters. Small and wiry, with sunken eyes and dark bushy hair, he had nervous tics that caused his hands, feet and face to twitch constantly. He adored the music of Mozart, was subject to bouts of deep melancholy and was an alcoholic who sold
29、the rights to his first book for a cellar of wine. He eventually died of a combination of liver disease and a neural illness that gradually paralyzed his body, starting with his feet.Several of Hoffinanns stories provided the basis for operas and ballets. The French composer Jacques Offenbach, for e
30、xample, used three of his short stories as the basis for The Tales of Hoffmanna quite serious piece, breaking with Offenbachs earlier light-hearted style.Tchaikovsky, composer of The Nutcracker, was invited to conduct his work but refused. He was terrified that if he were to mount the podium and try
31、 to conduct an orchestra his head might fall off. He died shortly after the first performance of The Nutcracker, during a cholera epidemicit was supposed he had been drinking impure water, but a more recent theory suggests that he killed himself out of fear of exposure for a sexual scandal involving
32、 the Russian royal family.The author and the composer may have had unusual characteristics, and the story of the Nutcracker itself may be bizarre, but its popularity endures. In recent years American choreographers have played with the formula to bring it up to date. Kirk Petersons The American Nutc
33、racker is set in the redwood forests of Northern California and replaces some of the characters with legendary or famous American namesnotably 19th-century writer Mark Twain as a party guest.Americans wanting to reclaim some of the psychology of the Hoffmann short story have been investigating chore
34、ographer Mark Morriss dark 199l update since it became available on video. Set in the 1960s, Morriss visionary The Hard Nut probes many of the same moral issues as the Hoffmann original, most of which are lost in todays conventional versions.（分数：6.00）(1).The word “flop“ in the first paragraph means
35、_.A. failure B. popularity C. hit D. criticism（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to the passage, The Nutcracker _.A. is Americas biggest moneymakerB. was originally a short story written by Alexander DumaC. is Americas most popular balletD. has been popular since 1892（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Choreographer M
36、aurice Petipas The Nutcracker _.A. was based on Hoffmanns short storyB. omitted an important plot in Hoffmanns storyC. was a misinterpretation of the original storyD. had a storyline clear and easy to follow（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Which of the following statements is INCORRECT about Hoffmanns short sto
37、ries?A. Many of the characters in these stories were peculiar.B. Several ballets were based on his stories.C. There were operas adapted according to his stories.D. Most of the stories were sinister in nature.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(5).What can be concluded about Jacques Offenbach?A. He was a French choreo
38、grapher.B. He preferred light-hearted music.C. He produced works of more than one style.D. He was interested in most of Hoffmanns stories.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(6).According to the passage, the story of The Nutcracker is _.A. tragic B. amusing C. weird D. thought-provoking（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.七、TEXT B(总题数：1，
39、分数：4.00)Researchers investigating brain size and mental ability say their work offers evidence that education protects the mind from the brains physical deterioration.It is known that the brain shrinks as the body ages, but the effects on mental ability are different from person to person. Interesti
40、ngly, in a study of elderly men and women, those who had more education actually had more brain shrinkage.“That may seem like bad news,“ said study author Dr. Edward Coffey, a professor of psychiatry and of neurology at Henry Ford Health System in Detroit. However, he explained, the finding suggests
41、 that education allows people to withstand more brain-tissue loss before their mental functioning begins to break down.The study, published in the July issue of Neurology, is the first to provide biological evidence to support a concept called the “reserve“ hypothesis, according to the researchers.
42、In recent years, investigators have developed the idea that people who are more educated have greater cognitive reserves to draw upon as the brain tissue to spare.Examining brain scans of 320 healthy men and women ages 66 to 90, researchers found that for each year of education the subjects had, the
43、re was greater shrinkage of the outer layer of the brain known as the cortex. Yet on tests of cognition and memory, all participants scored in the range indicating normal.“Everyone has some degree of brain shrinkage,“ Coffey said. “People lose (on average) 2.5 percent per decade starting in adulthoo
44、d.“There is, however, a “remarkable range“ of shrinkage among people who show no signs of mental decline, Coffey noted. Overall health, he said, accounts for some differences in brain size. Alcohol or drug use, as well as medical conditions such as diabetes and high blood pressure, contribute to bra
45、in-tissue loss throughout adulthood.In the absence of such medical conditions, Coffey said, education level helps explain the range of brain shrinkage exhibited among the mentally-fit elderly. The more-educated can withstand greater loss.Coffey and colleagues gauged shrinkage of the cortex by measur
46、ing the cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the brain. The greater the amount of fluid means the greater the cortical shrinkage. Controlling for the health factors that contribute to brain injury, the researchers found that education was related to the severity of brain shrinkage. For each year of educa
47、tion from first grade on, subjects had an average of 1.77 milliliters more cerebrospinal fluid around the brain.For example, Coffeys team reported, among subjects of the same sex and similar age and skull size, those with 16 years of education had 8 percent to 10 percent more cerebrospinal fluid com
48、pared with those who had four years of schooling.Of course, achieving a particular education level is not the definitive measure of someones mental capacity. And, said Coffey, education can be “a proxy for many things“. More-educated people, he noted, are often less likely to have habits, such as sm
49、oking, that harm overall health. But Coffey said that his teams findings suggest that like the body, the brain benefits from exercise. “The question is whether by continuing to exercise the brain we can forestall the effects of (brain shrinkage),“ he said. “My hunch is that we can.“According to Coffey, people should strive throughout life
