1、专业八级-1041 及答案解析(总分：101.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、PART LISTENING COM(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、SECTION A(总题数：1，分数：10.00)How Market Leaders Keep Their EdgeResearch finds that there are three methods with which big companies keep their advantages, and researchers name them three different value disciplines.1. Discipline o
2、f 1 Excellence: 1. _The company wins through cost.These companies usually try to provide customers with 2 and 2. _easy service, or both. They may also try their best to cut cost.Price/Costco is an example.2. Discipline of Product 3 : 3. _This kind of companies usually win with product.These companie
3、s attract customers mainly by continuously 4 their product or services.4. _In order to achieve this purpose, they have to challenge themselves in three ways:a. They must be 5 ; 5. _b. They must commercialize their 6 quickly; 6. _c. They must keep 7 7. _3. Discipline of Customer Intimacy:Companies of
4、 this kind mainly win with intimate 8 8. _Intimate customer relation is like the relation between closeneighbours. These companies usually try to provide what a particularcustomer wants rather than what the 9 wants in general. 9. _These companies regard it important to understand customers andtheir
5、need.10 is the greatest assets to these companies. What they value is 10. _not instant profit, but relationships.Cable the question was how it could be prevented from following its tendency to swallow the rights of the people. Jefferson s answer to this ancient dilemma was at variance with much trad
6、itional thinking. He began with the postulate that government existed for the people, and not vice versa; that it had no independent being except as an instrument of the people; and that it had no legitimate justifications for existence except to serve the people.From this it followed, in Jefferson
7、s view that only the people, and not their rulers or the privileged classes, could and should be relied upon as the “safe depositories“ of political liberty. This key idea in the Jeffersonian political universe rested on the monumental assumption that the people at large had the wisdom, the capabili
8、ty, and the knowledge exclusively to carry the burden of political power and responsibility. The assumption was, of course, widely challenged and vigorously denied in Jefferson s day, but he always asserted his confidence init.Confidence in the people, however, was not enough, by itself, to serve as
9、 a safeguard against the potential dangers inherent in political power. The people might become corrupted or demoralized or indifferent. Jefferson believed that the best practice for the avoidance of tyranny and the preservation of freedom was to follow two main policies. One was designed to limit p
10、ower, and the other to control power.In order to put limits on power, Jefferson felt, it was best to divide it by scattering its functions among as many entities as possible - among states, countries, and municipalities. In order to keep it in check, it was to be impartially balanced among legislati
11、ve, executive, and judicial branches. Thus, no group, agency, or entity would be able legitimately to acquire power for abuse. This is, of course, the theory that is embedded in the Constitution and that underlies the American federal system with its “check and balance“.For the control of power or,
12、more specifically, the governmental apparatus itself, other devices had to be brought into play. Of these, two are of special importance: suffrage and elections.Unlike many contemporaries, Jefferson believed in virtually universal suffrage. His opinion was that the universal right to vote was the on
13、ly “rational and peaceable instrument“ of free government.Next to the right to vote, the system of free elections was the foremost instrument for control over government. This involved, first, the election by the people of practically all high government officials, and, secondly, fixed and regular p
14、eriods of polling, established by law.To make doubly sure that this mechanism would work as an effective control over power, Jefferson advocated frequent elections and short terms of office, so that the citizens would be enabled to express their “approbation or rejection“ as soon as possible.This, i
15、n substance, is the Jeffersonian philosophy-faith in the idea of equality, of freedom, and in the right to and need for popular control over government.What, in all this, is relevant to peoples without a democratic tradition, especially those who have recently emerged in Asia and Africa? The rejecti
16、on of democratic procedures by some of these peoples has been disheartening to believers in freedom and democracy. But it is noteworthy that democratic and parliamentary government has been displaced in areas where the people had no background in freedom or self-rule, and where illiteracy is general
17、ly high. Even there it is significant that the new dictatorships are usually proclaimed in the name of the people.The Jeffersonian assumption that men crave equality and freedom has not been denied by events. Special conditions and traditions may explain non-democratic political methods for the achi
18、evement of certain purposes, but these remain unstable wherever the notion of liberty has begun to gain ground. “The disease of liberty“, Jefferson said, “is catching.“The proof of this is to be found even in such societies as the Spanish and the Islamic, with their ancient traditions of chieftainsh
19、ips where popular eruptions against dictatorial rule have had an almost tidal constancy.But it is a slow process, as Jefferson well knew, “The ground of liberty“, he said, “is to be gained by inches; we must be contented to secure what we can get, from time to time, and eternally press forward for w
20、hat is yet to get. It takes time to persuade men to do even what is for their own good.“Does Jefferson survive? Indeed he does.（分数：5.00）(1).What are the three most paramount ideas in Jeffersonian democracy?A. Equality, freedom and people s control over government.B. Equality, confidence in man and p
21、eople s control over government.C. Equality, freedom and confidence in man.D. Freedom, confidence in man and people s control over government.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).How did Jefferson interpret the concept of equality?A. He asserted that it was a political concepts as well as a biological and economic
22、concept.B. He believed that men were born with equal rights.C. Equality is a gift of Nature.D. Both B and C.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).In Jefferson s opinion, what could prevent tyranny and preserve freedom?A. Suffrage and election.B. Checks and balances.C. The two politics to limit power and to control p
23、ower.D. The dividing of functions among many entities.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Which of the following statements would the writer probably Not support?A. The rejection of democratic procedures is partly attributed to ignorance.B. Jefferson s ideas of democracy are often distorted by some people on purpo
24、se.C. Universal suffrage is the cardinal instrument for control over government.D. Once the concept of liberty is accepted by the majority, a democratic society will be strongly demanded.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The primary purpose of this text is to _.A. explain Jefferson s ideas of democracyB. exalt J
25、efferson as an outstanding philosopherC. illustrate Jefferson s influence on modem politicsD. view Jeffersonian democracy under modern conditions（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.七、TEXT B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry - William Shakespeare - but there are two distinctly separ
26、ate and increasingly hostile branches. There is the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC), which presents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon. And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hatha
27、ways Cottage, Shakespeares birthplace and the other sights.The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny to their revenue. They frankly dislike the RSCs actors, those with their long hair and beards and sandals and noisiness. Its all deliciously ironic when you consider that
28、Shakespeare, who eams their living, was himself an actor (with a beard) and did his share of noise-making.The tourist streams are not entirely separate. The sightseers who come by bus and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side dont usually see the plays, and some of them are ev
29、en surprised to find a theatre in Stratford. However, the playgoers do manage a little sight-seeing along with their play going. It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bring in much of the towns revenue because they spend the night (some of them four or five nights) pouring cash into the hotels
30、and restaurants. The sightseers can take in everything and get out of town by nightfall.The townsfolk dont see it this Way and local council does not contribute directly to the subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Company. Stratford cries poor traditionally. Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be
31、adding a new wing or cocktail lounge. Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and So forth, and will be very expensive.Anyway, the townsfolk cant understand why the Royal Shakespeare Comp
32、any needs a subsidy. (The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a row. Last year its 1,431 seats were 94 percent occupied ail year long and this year theyll do better.) The reason, of course, is that costs have rocketed and ticket prices have stayed low.It would be a shame to rais
33、e prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratfords most attractive clientele. They come entirely for the plays, not the sights. They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over) - lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their buns a
34、nd bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10:30 a.m.（分数：5.00）(1).From the first two paragraphs, we learn that _.A. the townsfolk despise the RSCs actorsB. th
35、e two branches of the RSC do not get along wellC. the RSC produces limited quantity of playsD. the townsfolk deny the RSCs contribution to the towns revenue（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).What can be inferred about the sightseers and playgoers?A. The sightseers never go to see the plays.B. Sightseers and playg
36、oers often come from different places.C. Playgoers often visit the Warwick Castle.D. Playgoers spend more money than sightseers.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).What does the author imply by saying “Stratford cries poor traditionally“ (paragraph 4)?A. The town is not really short of money.B. Stratford cannot af
37、ford the subsidy to the RSC.C. Stratford has long been in tight budget.D. The local council is in financial difficulties.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).According to the townsfolk, the RSC deserves no subsidy due to _.A. its high priceB. its ill-managed financeC. the unacceptable behavior of its actorsD. its a
38、ttendance on the rise（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(5).It can be inferred from the passage that young people who come to Stratford _.A. contribute a lot to the local revenueB. are all weirdC. have similar backgroundsD. are there for the same reason（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.八、TEXT C(总题数：2，分数：8.00)The year which preceded m
39、y fathers death made great change in my life. I had been living in New Jersey, working in defense plants, working and living among southerners, white and black. I knew about the south, of course, and about how southerners treated Negroes and how they expected them m behave, but it had never entered
40、my mind that anyone would look at me and expect me to behave that way. I learned in New Jersey that to be a Negro meant, precisely, that one was never looked at but was simply at the mercy of the reflexes the color of ones skin caused in other people. I acted in New Jersey as I had always acted, tha
41、t is-as though I thought a great deal of myself-I had to act that way-with results that were, simply, unbelievable. I had scarcely arrived before I had earned the enmity, which was extraordinarily ingenious, of all my superiors and nearly all my co-workers. In the beginning, to make matters worse, I
42、 simply did not know what was happening. I did not know what had done, and I shortly began to wonder what anyone could possibly do, to bring about such unanimous, active, and unbearably vocal hostility. I knew about Jim-crow but I had never experienced it. I went to the same self-service restaurant
43、three times and stood with all the Princeton boys before the counter, waiting for a hamburger and coffee. It was always an extraordinarily long time before anything was set before me: I had simply picked something up. Negroes were not served there, I was told, and they had been waiting for me to rea
44、lize that I was always the only Negro present. Once I was told this, I determined to go there all the time. But now they were ready for me and, thought some dreadful scenes were subsequently enacted in that restaurant, I never ate there again.It was same story all over New Jersey, in bars, bowling a
45、lleys, diners, and places to live. I was always being forced to leave, silently, or with mutual imprecations. I very shortly became notorious and children giggled behind me when I passed and their elders whispered or shouted-they really believed that I was mad. And it did begin to work on my mind, o
46、f course.I began to be afraid to go anywhere and to compensate for this I went places to which I really should not have gone and where, God knows, I had no desire to be. My reputation in town naturally enhanced my reputation at work and my working day became one long series of acrobatics designed to
47、 keep me out of trouble. I cannot say that these acrobatics night, with but one aim: to eject me. I was fired once, and contrived, with the aid of a friend from New York, to get back on the payroll; was fired again, and bounced back again. It took a while to fire me for the third time, but the third
48、 time took me. There were no loopholes anywhere. There was not even any way of getting back inside the gates.That year in New Jersey lives in my mind as though it were the year during which, having an unsuspected predilection for it, I first contracted some dread, chronic disease, the unfailing symp
49、tom of which is a kind of blind fever, a pounding in the skull and fire in the bowels. Once this disease is contracted, one can never be really carefree again, for the fever, without an instants warning, can recur at any moment. It can wreck more important race relations. There is not a Negro alive who does not have this rage in his blood-one has the choice, merely, of living with it consciously or surrendering to it. As for me, this fever has recurred in me, and does, and will until the day I di
