1、专业八级-856 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、PART LISTENING COM(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、SECTION A(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The Stock MarketWhen a new company is organized and shares are sold, it is not hard to determine the value of each share: all the shares together represent the total value of the company. The best way t
2、o explain how the stock market works.To imagine you form a company to produce a soda with 4 friends:1) putting in $600 together for the expenses involved in the (1) of (1) _the company;2) stating every (2) represents $10 of the present value of the company; (2) _3) owning a share signifies-a part ow
3、ner of the company. Stock price increases when (3) is good and the value of the company (3) _jumps.1) the (4) $600 invested$1,800 in value at present (4) _2) $10 per share originally (5) each currently (5) _. Stock price falls when business is worse and the value of the company drops.1) (6) of $1,80
4、0 a low point of $300 (6) _2) $30 per share $5 per share. How to buy stocks?1) to find a (7) buying and selling stock for other people; (7) _2) the stockbrokers entering a stock market;3) the stockbrokers inquirement of other brokers about your buying;4) the stockbrokers (8) of the stock purchase; (
5、8) _5) to pay the bill the amount of purchase they have been replaced by prairie chicken, great blue herons, coyote, deer, collared lizards, bobcats and, of course, cattle.The route starts in the tiny ranch town of Cassoday (population 130), where the dirt Main Street has a few weathered 19th-centur
6、y wooden buildings housing an antiques store and a car popular with cowboys, truck drivers and bikers. It then goes through a handful of small towns and past the tallgrass prairie preserve to Council Grove, a former staging area on the Santa Fe Train.But what this ribbon of a highway offers most is
7、wide-open space. For dramatic effect, visit at sunset when the sky is awash in reds, purples and blues.Of late, tourist amenities have been beefed up in Flint Hills, especially in Chase County, made famous by William Least Heat-Moons 1991 book “PrairyEarth.“ In Cottonwood Falls, with about 1,000 res
8、idents, the two-block shopping district is dominated by the grand Chase County Courthouse, the oldest country courthouse (1873) still in use in Kansas. Made of native honey-hued limestone with a red mansard roof, it resembles a small chateau.In small shops along Broadway Street, a bumpy road paved i
9、n red brick, you can find Western gear at Jim Bell that remark has long ago lost its bloom. The town of Tours, however, has something sweet and bright, which suggests that it is surrounded by a land of fruits. It is a very agreeable little city; few towns of its size are more ripe, more complete, or
10、, I should suppose, in better humor with themselves and less disposed to envy the responsibilities of bigger places. It is truly the capital of its smiling province; a region of easy abundance, of good living, of genial, comfortable, optimistic, rather indolent opinions. Balzac says in one of his ta
11、les that the real Tourangeau will not make an effort, or displace himself even, to go in search of a pleasure; and it is not difficult to understand the sources of this amiable cynicism. He must have a vague conviction that he can only lose by almost any change. Fortune has been kind to him: he live
12、s in a temperate, reasonable, sociable climate, on the banks, of a river which, it is true, sometimes floods the country around it, but of which the ravages appear to be so easily repaired that its aggressions may perhaps be regarded (in a region where so many good things are certain) merely as an o
13、ccasion for healthy suspense. He is surrounded by fine old traditions, religious, social, architectural, culinary; and he may have the satisfaction of feeling that he is French to the core. No part of his admirable country is more characteristically national. Normandy is Normandy, Burgundy is Burgun
14、dy, Provence is Provence; but Touraine is essentially France. It is the land of Rabelais, of Descartes, of Balzac, of good books and good company, as well as good dinners and good houses. George Sand has somewhere a charming passage about the mildness, the convenient quality, of the physical conditi
15、ons of central France, “son climat souple et chaud, ses pluies abondantes et courtes.“ In the autumn of 1882 the rains perhaps were less short than abundant; but when the days were fine it was impossible that anything in the way of weather could be more channing. The vineyards and orchards looked ri
16、ch in the fresh, gay light; cultivation was everywhere, but everywhere it seemed to be easy. There was no visible poverty; thrift and success presented themselves as matters of good taste. The white caps of the women glittered in the sunshire, and their well-made sabots clicked cheerfully on the har
17、d, clean roads. Touraine is a land of old chateaux, a gallery of architectural specimens and of large hereditary properties. The peasantry have less of the luxury of ownership than in most other parts of France; though they have enough of it to give them quite their share of that shrewdly conservati
18、ve look which, in the little, chaffering, place of the market-town, the stranger observes so often in the wrinkled brown masks that surmount the agricultural blouse. This is, moreover, the heart of the old French monarchy; and as that monarchy was splendid and picturesque, a reflection of the splend
19、or still glitters in the current of the Loire. Some of the most striking events of French history have occurred on the banks of that river, and the soil it waters bloomed for a while with the flowering of the Renaissance. The Loire gives a great “style“ to a landscape of which the features are not,
20、as the phrase is, prominent, and carries the eye to distances even more poetic than the green horizons of Touraine. It is a very fitful stream, and is sometimes observed to run thin and expose all the crudities of its channel, a great defect certainly in a river which is so much depended upon to giv
21、e an air to the places it waters. But I speak of it as I saw it last full, tranquil, powerful, bending in large slow curves, and sending back half the light of the sky. Nothing can be finer than the view of its course which you get from the battlements and terraces of Amboise. As I looked down on it
22、 from that elevation one lovely Sunday morning, through a mild glitter of autumn sunshine, it seemed the very model of a generous, beneficent stream. The most channing part of Tours is naturally the shaded quay that overlooks it, and looks across too at the friendly faubourg of Saint Symphorien and
23、at the terraced heights which rise above this. Indeed, throughout Touraine, it is half the charm of the Loire that you can travel beside it. The great dike which protects it, or, protects the country from it, from Blois to Angers, is an admirable road; and on the other side, as well, the highway con
24、stantly keeps it company. A wide river, as you follow a wide road, is excellent company; it heightens and shortens the way.（分数：5.00）(1).From this essay, we can see all of the following EXCEPT that _.（分数：1.00）A.Touraine is an area frequently devastated by floodsB.Touraine is surrounded by a land of f
25、ruitsC.the peasantry here are worse off than in most other parts of FranceD.the peasantry here are more conservative(2).Touraine features all of the following except _.（分数：1.00）A.the shaded quayB.the LoireC.the great dikeD.French history.(3).As the author sees it, _.（分数：1.00）A.the Loire is a wide ri
26、ver which follows a wide roadB.that you can travel beside the Loire reduces the charm of itC.people here hate to see the Loire exposing all the crudities of its channelD.the Loire is always full, tranquil, and powerful(4).Which of the following word is not proper for Touraine?（分数：1.00）A.Prominent.B.
27、Green.C.Amiable.D.Tast(5).“In the autumn of 1882 the rains perhaps were less short than abundant; but when the days were fine it was impossible that anything in the way of weather could be more charming.“ This tells us that _.（分数：1.00）A.the rainfall of that autumn was scarceB.weather during that per
28、iod was utterly terribleC.although the rains were a little more than enough, weather sometimes was the finestD.the abundant rains flooded the region with terrible weather accompanying八、TEXT C(总题数：1，分数：5.00)This spring, disaster loomed in the global food market. Precipitous increases in the prices of
29、 staples like rice (up more than a hundred and fifty percent in a few months) and maize provoked food riots, toppled governments, and threatened the lives of tens of millions. But the bursting of the commodity bubble eased those pressures, and food prices, while still high, have come well off the as
30、tronomical levels they hit in April. For American, the drop in commodity prices has put a few more bucks in peoples pockets; in much of the developing world, it may have saved many from actually starving. So did the global financial crisis solve the global food crisis?Temporarily, perhaps. But the r
31、ecent price drop doesnt provide any long-term respite from the threat food shortages or future price spikes. Nor has it reassured anyone about the health of the global agricultural system, which the crisis revealed as dangerously unstable. Four decades after the Green Revolution, and after waves of
32、market reforms intended to transform agricultural production, were still having a hard time insuring that people simply get enough to eat, and we seen to be vulnerable to supply shocks than ever.It wasnt supposed to be this way. Over the past two decades, countries around the world have moved away f
33、rom their focus on “food security“ and handed market forces a greater rote in shaping agricultural policy. Before the nineteen-eighties, developing countries had so-called “agricultural marketing boards“, which would buy commodities from farmers at fixed prices (prices high enough to keep farmers fa
34、rming), and then store them in strategic reserves that could be used in the event of bad harvests or soaring import prices. But in the eighties and nineties, often as part of structural-adjustment programs imposed by the I.M.F. or the World Blank, many marketing boards were eliminated or cut back, a
35、nd grain reserves, deemed inefficient and unnecessary, were sold off. In the same way, structural-adjustment programs often did away with government investment in and subsidies to agriculture-more notably, subsidies for things like fertilizers and high-yield seedsThe logic behind these reforms was s
36、imple: the market would allocate resources more efficiently than government, leading to greater productivity. Farmers, instead of growing subsidized maize and wheat at high cost, could concentrate on cash crops, like cashews and chocolate, and use the money they made to buy staple foods. If a countr
37、y couldnt compete in the global economy, production would migrate to countries that could. it was also assumed that, once governments stepped out of the way, private investment would flood into agriculture, boosting performance. And international aid seemed a more efficient way of relieving food cri
38、ses than relying in countries to maintain surpluses and food-security programs, which are wasteful and costly.This “marketization“ of agriculture has not, to be sure, been fully carried through. Subsidies are still endemic in rich countries and poor, while developing countries often place tariffs on
39、 imported food, which benefit their farmers but drive up prices for consumers. And in extreme circumstance countries restrict exports, hoarding food for their own citizens. Nonetheless, we clearly have a leaner, more market-friendly agriculture system than before. It looks, in fact, a bit like globa
40、l manufacturing, with low inventories (wheat stocks are at their lowest since 1977), concentrated production (three countries provide ninety percent of corn exports, and five countries provide eighty percent of rice exports,) and fewer redundancies. Governments have a much smaller role, and public s
41、pending on agriculture has been cut sharply.The problem is that, while this system is undeniably more efficient, its also much more fragile. Bad weather in just a few countries can wreak havoc across the entire system. When prices spike as they did this spring, the result is food shortages and malnu
42、trition in poorer countries, since they are far more dependent on imports and have few food reserves to draw on. And, while higher prices and market reforms were supposed to bring a boom in agricultural productivity, global crop yields actually rose less between 1990 and 2007 than they did in the pr
43、evious twenty years, in part because in many developing countries private-sector agricultural investment never materialized, while the cutbacks in government spending left them with feeble infrastructures.These changes did not cause the rising prices of the past couple of years, but they have made t
44、hem more damaging. The old emphasis on food security was undoubtedly costly, and often wasteful. But the redundancies it created also had tremendous value when things went wrong. And one sure thing about a system as complex as agriculture is that things will go wrong, often with devastating conseque
45、nces. If the just-in-time system for producing cars runs into a hitch and the supply of cars shrinks for a while, people can easily adapt. When the same happens with food, people go hungry or even starve. That doesn t mean that we need to embrace price controls or collective farms, and there are sen
46、sible market reforms, like doing away with import tariffs, that would make developing-country consumers better off. But a few weeks ago Bill Clinton, no enemy of market reform, got it right when he said that we should help countries achieve “maximum agricultural self-sufficiency“. Instead of a more
47、efficient system. We should be trying to build a more reliable one.（分数：5.00）(1).What can be learned from the first paragraph?（分数：1.00）A.Global financial crisis destabilized governments.B.Food riots resulted from skyrocketing food bills.C.Financial crisis worsened food crisis.D.Food prices surged by
48、150% in April.(2).The food crisis revealed the global agricultural system as _.（分数：1.00）A.fragileB.unresponsiveC.costlyD.unbearable(3).According to the third paragraph, structural-adjustment programs _.（分数：1.00）A.were designed to cope with poor harvestsB.were introduced as part of “market forces“ po
49、liciesC.removed price controls and state subsidiesD.encouraged countries to focus on food security(4).The marketization of agriculture probably means _.（分数：1.00）A.private investment floods into agricultureB.market forces provide efficiency to agricultureC.agricultural policy works with the free market systemD.agricultural production is free from government intervention(5).Which of the following is NOT a feature of the existing agricultural system?（分数：1.00）A.Reduced government spending.B.Conc
