1、专业八级-599 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、PART LISTENING COM(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、SECTION A(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Observing BehaviourPeople do observation in daily life context for safety or for proper behaviour. However, there are differences in daily life observation and research observation. A. Differences Daily
2、 life observation Casual 1 2 on memory Research observation 3 Careful record keeping B. Ways to select 4 in research Time sampling Systematic: e.g. fixed intervals every hour Random: fixed intervals but 5 Systematic sampling and random sampling are often used in combination. 6 Definition: selection
3、of different locations Reason: humans“ or animals“ behaviour 7 across circumstances 8 : more objective observations C. Ways to record behaviour 9 Observation with intervention Participant observation: researcher as 10 Field experiment: researchers 11 over conditions Observation without 12 Purpose: d
4、escribing behaviour 13 Feature: no 14 Researcher: a passive 15 （分数：15.00）填空项 1:_三、SECTION B(总题数：2，分数：10.00)（分数：5.00）A.Mental creativity.B.Psychology.C.Brain development.D.Dream.A.Creativity stems from human beings“ novel thinking.B.The duration of the creative process varies from person to person.C.
5、Creative people focus on novel thinking rather than on solutions.D.The outcome of human creativity comes in varied forms.A.It appears to be the result of the environment.B.It seems to be attributable to genetic makeup.C.It appears to be more associated with great people.D.It comes from both environm
6、ent and genetic makeup.A.Creativity can only be embodied in genius.B.Ordinary people also have creativity.C.Creativity is the product of long-term brainwork.D.Creativity is insignificant in housework.A.One.B.Two.C.Three.D.Four.（分数：5.00）A.Ideas often occurs to the creative mind in a disorganized way.
7、B.A part of the brain becomes very active.C.A part of the brain can weave ideas and thoughts together.D.Creative ideas tend to slip sway like a flash.A.Unconventional,B.Original.C.Resolute.D.Critical.A.Time span.B.Environment.C.Resort city.D.Cultural campaign.A.Brain exercising will not make people
8、creative.B.Most people have diversified interests and hobbies.C.The environment is significant in the creative process.D.Creativity can only be found in great people.A.Math is indispensible during the creative process of a quality painting.B.Long-term thinking is the only way to be more creative.C.A
9、ttention span is one key measurement of creative mind.D.Creativity is made, not innately born.四、PART READING COMPR(总题数：1，分数：22.00)SECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS In this section there are several passages followed by fourteen multiple choice questions. For each multiple choice question, there ar
10、e four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET TWO. PASSAGE ONE Last week Catherine Rampell pointed to a recent Gallup survey indicating that most upper-income people still don“t realise (or, in some cases, refuse
11、 to admit) they“re upper-income. The poll found that just 6% of those in households earning over $250,000 thought their taxes were “too low“, but 30% thought the taxes of “upper-income people“ were too low. Obviously, a household taking in $250,000 is earning almost 5 times the median (even in Manha
12、ttan, Andrew Gelman notes, median household income is $68,000) and is clearly upper-income by any reasonable standard. This isn“t particularly surprising; as Ms Rampell writes, Everyone thinks they“re middle-class partly because of cultural reasons, and also partly because of the way the income dist
13、ribution is skewed. The greatest income inequality is at the very top. As a result, people who are rich but not the richestin the $250,000 zone, saysee they have more than lots of poor people, but also much less than a few very visibly rich people. Then they conclude they“re in the middle, so they m
14、ust be middle class. Mr Gelman adds that most people are just not very statistically adept, on this or many other subjects. I would add an additional source of pernicious distortion: the median household depicted on popular TV dramas is outrageously wealthy, compared to the median American household
15、 in real life. (The median household depicted in popular video games seems to be a single earner inhabiting a medieval fortress or a hyperlight spacecraft, or a self-employed entrepreneur engaged in coke-dealing and serial murder, so I“ll leave video games out of the current discussion.) For example
16、, I am (don“t laugh; it“s really good) a huge fan of the hour drama “Parenthood“. The series is produced by Jason Katims, who had a big hand in the much-beloved series “Friday Night Lights“. One of the triumphs of FNL was its depiction of the domestic spaces inhabited by average kids on a mid-sized
17、Texas town“s high-school football team. Characters lived in small, single-story houses with run-down front porches; characters on public assistance or with service-industry jobs lived in multi-level apartments around parking lots. Characters who lived in large McMansions were frankly depicted as ric
18、h. The verisimilitude of the living space was a huge boost to the show“s effort to present Texan society and ethics in a way that felt affirming and universally sympathetic. “Parenthood“ seems in some ways to be trying to present the ethos and life space of young Northern California families in the
19、same affirming, universally sympathetic fashion. And there are a lot of efforts to bring in a wide range of socioeconomic situations. We“ve got the divorced mother in her late 30s who moves back in with her parents, the slacker artist guy getting by on minimal income on a houseboat, a kid from the O
20、akland projects, and so on. But in terms of lived space, the show mostly falls prey to the familiar Hollywood syndrome of unrealistically gorgeous bourgeois set design. And that spills over into the economic underpinnings of plot lines. An interaction early in the first season drove the point home:
21、when the central “everyman“ family has to confront their child“s autism and is told about a highly sought-after special-needs school with high tuition, they respond: “We don“t care what it costs. We“ll pay whatever it takes.“ The viewer thinks: how nice for you, that you can demonstrate your commitm
22、ent to your child in that fashion! You must be part of the small percentage of American households that can afford to say things like that. It“s hardly news that most popular culture concentrates on the economic elite. The characters in 19th-century English novels chiefly comprise two social classes
23、: aristocrats, and impoverished aristocrats. Still, it“s a great breath of fresh air when a show comes along that“s willing to show the America most Americans actually inhabit. And if there were more shows along the lines of “Friday Night Lights“, we might have more accurate instinctive reference po
24、ints when people use terms like “average American households“ or “upper-income people“. PASSAGE TWO Depending on whom you believe, the average American will, over a lifetime, wait in lines for two years (says National Public Radio) or five years (according to customer-loyalty experts). The crucial w
25、ord is average, as wealthy Americans routinely avoid lines altogether. Once the most democratic of institutions, lines are rapidly becoming the exclusive province of suckers (people who still believe in and practice waiting in lines). Poor suckers, mostly. Airports resemble France before the Revolut
26、ion: first-class passengers enjoy “lite“ security lines and priority boarding, and disembark before the unwashed in coach, held at bay by a flight attendant, are allowed to foul the Jet-way. At amusement parks, too, you can now buy your way out of line. This summer I haplessly watched kids use a $52
27、 Gold Flash Pass to jump the lines at Six Flags New England, and similar systems are in use in most major American theme parks, from Universal Orlando to Walt Disney World, where the haves get to watch the have-mores breeze past on their way to their seats. Flash Pass teaches children a valuable les
28、son in real-world economics: that the rich are more important than you, especially when it comes to waiting. An NBA player once said to me, with a bemused chuckle of disbelief, that when playing in Canadaget this“we have to wait in the same customs line as everybody else.“ Almost every line can be b
29、reached for a price. In several U.S. cities this summer, early arrivers among the early adopters waiting to buy iPhones offered to sell their spots in the lines. On Craigslist, prospective iPhone purchasers offered to pay “waiters“ or “placeholders“ to wait in line for them outside Apple stores. Ine
30、vitably, some semi-populist politicians have seen the value of sort-of waiting in lines with the ordinary people. This summer Philadelphia mayor John Street waited outside an AT “I never was. It“s fine, ain“t it?“ “Great! And then after a while we“ll go forward to the dinner, and get a big lay-out.
31、Fresh meal in the world. Charge a dollar.“ “Oh, do they?“ cried the bride. “Charge a dollar? Why, that“s too muchfor usain“t it, Jack?“ “Nor this trip, anyhow,“ he answered bravely. “We“re going to go the whole thing.“ Later he explained to her about the trains. “You see, it“s a thousand miles from
32、one end of Texas to the other; and this runs right across it, and never stops but four times.“ He had the pride of an owner. He pointed out to her the dazzling fittings of the coach; and in truth her eyes opened wider and she contemplated the sea-green figured velvet, the shining brass, silver, and
33、glass, the wood that gleamed as darkly brilliant as the surface of a pool of oil. At one end a bronze figure sturdily held a support for a separated chamber, and at convenient places on the ceiling were frescos in olive and silver. To the minds of the pair, their surroundings reflected the glory of
34、their marriage that morning in San Antonio; this was the environment of their new estate; and the man“s face in particular beamed with an elation that made him appear ridiculous to the Negro porter. This individual at times surveyed them from afar with an amused and superior grin. On other occasions
35、 he bullied them with skill in ways that did not make it exactly plain to them that they were being bullied. He subtly used all the manners of the most unconquerable kind of snobbery. He oppressed them. But of this oppression they had small knowledge, and they speedily forgot that infrequently a num
36、ber of travelers covered them with stares of derisive enjoyment. Historically there was supposed to be something infinitely humorous in their situation. “We are due in Yellow Sky at 3:42,“ he said, looking tenderly into her eyes. “Oh, are we?“ she said, as if she had not been aware of it. To evince
37、(表现出) surprise at her husband“s statement was part of her wifely amiability. She took from a pocket a little silver watch; and as she held it before her, and stared at it with a frown of attention, the new husband“s face shone. “I bought it in San Anton“ from a friend of mine,“ he told her gleefully
38、. “It“s seventeen minutes past twelve,“ she said, looking up at him with a kind of shy and clumsy coquetry (调情；卖俏). A passenger, noting this play, grew excessively sardonic, and winked at himself in one of the numerous mirrors. At last they went to the dining-car. Two rows of Negro waiters, in glowi
39、ng white suits, surveyed their entrance with the interest, and also the equanimity (平静), of men who had been forewarned. The pair fell to the lot of a waiter who happened to feel pleasure in steering them through their meal. He viewed them with the manner of a fatherly pilot, his countenance radiant
40、 with benevolence. The patronage, entwined with the ordinary deference, was not plain to them. And yet, as they returned to their coach, they showed in their faces a sense of escape. PASSAGE FOUR In 1910, Henry Van Dyke wrote a book called “The Spirit of America,“ which opened with this sentence: “T
41、he Spirit of America is best known in Europe by one of its qualitiesenergy.“ This has always been true. Americans have always been known for their manic dynamism. Some condemned this ambition as a grubby scrambling after money. Others saw it in loftier terms. But energy has always been the country“s
42、 saving feature. So Americans should be especially alert to signs that the country is becoming less vital and industrious. One of those signs comes to us from the labor market. As my colleague David Leonhardt pointed out recently, in 1954, about 96 percent of American men between the ages of 25 and
43、54 worked. Today that number is around 80 percent. One-fifth of all men in their prime working ages are not getting up and going to work. According to figures from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the United States has a smaller share of prime age men in the work force than
44、 any other G-7 nation. The number of Americans on the permanent disability rolls, meanwhile, has steadily increased. Ten years ago, 5 million Americans collected a federal disability benefit. Now 8.2 million do. That costs taxpayers $115 billion a year, or about $1,500 per household. Government actu
45、aries predict that the trust fund that pays for these benefits will run out of money within seven years. Part of the problem has to do with human capital. More American men lack the emotional and professional skills they would need to contribute. According to data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics
46、, 35 percent of those without a high school diploma are out of the labor force, compared with less than 10 percent of those with a college degree. Part of the problem has to do with structural changes in the economy. Sectors like government, health care and leisure have been growing, generating jobs
47、 for college grads. Sectors like manufacturing, agriculture and energy have been getting more productive, but they have not been generating more jobs. Instead, companies are using machines or foreign workers. The result is this: There are probably more idle men now than at any time since the Great D
48、epression, and this time the problem is mostly structural, not cyclical. These men will find it hard to attract spouses. Many will pick up habits that have a corrosive cultural influence on those around them. The country will not benefit from their potential abilities. This is a big problem. It can“
49、t be addressed through the sort of short-term Keynesian stimulus some on the left are still fantasizing about. It can“t be solved by simply reducing the size of government, as some on the right imagine. It will probably require a broad menu of policies attacking the problem all at once: expanding community colleges and online learning; changing the corporate tax code and labor market roles to stimulate investment; adopting German-style labor market practices like apprenticeship programs, wage subsidies and programs that extend benefits to
