1、专业八级-591 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、PART LISTENING COM(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、SECTION A(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Culturethe Fifth Language Skill. The understanding of culture A. “Software of the Mind“ traditions, values and 1 behaviour daily life, institutions and cultural artefacts interesting and useful, often i
2、ncluded in 2 B. the development of cultural 3 and skill building 4 the qualities needed to deal with other cultures how to operate successfully with people from other cultures It is mainly needed by 5 . The teaching of culture in ELT A. cultural knowledge: the knowledge of the culture“s 6 B. cultura
3、l 7 : such as family, hospitality, patriotism, fairness C. cultural behaviour: the knowledge of 8 and behaviour D. cultural skills: the development of intercultural awareness . The reasons for culture being the fifth language skill A. the international role of the English language English is a 9 Eng
4、lish is a 10 needed in operating internationally. So English should emerge 11 in the school curriculum. B. 12 Everybody is dealing with foreigners. Adults: outsourcing or email, phone and video-conferencing Kids: 13 , keypal schemes and networks like Facebook . What the fifth language skill teaches
5、A. the mindset and techniques to 14 in using English to accept difference in other cultures B. an obvious 15 change embodied in the use of language . Conclusion （分数：15.00）填空项 1:_三、SECTION B(总题数：2，分数：10.00)（分数：5.00）A.A nutritionist.B.A vegetarian.C.A cook.D.A vegan.A.Nuts.B.Milk.C.Protein.D.Seitan.A.
6、What one can get from a vegan life.B.What one should give up in a vegan life.C.What one should balance in a vegan life.D.How to cook a vegan dinner.A.Because it lowers the rate of breast cancer.B.Because it“s healthier.C.Because it“s readily available.D.Because it“s inexpensive.A.Being a fake vegani
7、st.B.Enjoying a cold dish of turkey meat from time to time.C.Changing into a veganist overnight.D.Holding a quick ceremony before becoming a veganist.（分数：5.00）A.Fruits.B.Grains.C.Chicks.D.All of the above.A.It is the name of a type of protein.B.It is the name of the guest“s favorite grocer.C.It is t
8、he name of a vegetable.D.It is the name of a meat alternative.A.“Ugh!“B.“Whew!“C.“Yum-yum!“D.“Alas!“A.Not telling them.B.Making the food delicious.C.Making veggie dogs which look and taste just like hotdogs.D.Reasoning with them.A.Meat alternatives are not easily available in the grocer“s.B.Milk can
9、 be replaced by coconut milk in creating equally smooth and creamy taste.C.It is difficult to make pasta without eggs.D.Veganists lose weight faster than non-veganists.四、PART READING COMPR(总题数：1，分数：44.00)PASSAGE ONE Historians tend to date the birth of modern capitalism to the late sixteenth and ear
10、ly seventeen centuries, but to understand what actually occurred an important distinction must be made. Here are basically two types of capitalism: commercial and industrial. In commercial capitalism the capitalist is usually a merchant who invests money both in buying the raw material and in market
11、ing the finished product one produced. In the case of wool cloth, for example, the merchant buys the raw wool; then either the merchant or the agent carries the wool to the artisans who spin, weave, and dye it in their shops or homes. They usually work by the piece and own or rent their equipment. W
12、hen the cloth is finished, the merchant then sells the product; the merchant“s profit lies in the difference between what the cloth cost to produce and the purchase price of the finished goods. This form of capitalism, with the merchant as capitalist, began in the Middle Ages and remained the domina
13、nt form for the production of industrial goods down to the eighteenth century. The economic boom of the sixteenth century did not significantly affect the way the goods were produced: what did change was the number of people engaged in producing. The production of industrial goods significantly incr
14、eased in the sixteenth century because so many more independent producers were working for the merchant. Industrial capitalism, on the other hand, refers to investment in the modes or means of production. In this case the capitalist is not the merchant but the factory or mine owner. Investment in ma
15、chines means more productivity per worker and more variety in products. In the sixteenth century a rapid surge in the amount of investment in machinery occurred in such areas as metalworking, glass making, paper production, coal mining and firearms manufacture. Although the output of goods provided
16、by industrial capitalism climbed significantly after 1550, until the end of the eighteenth century commercial capitalism was responsible for most of the industrial production of Europe. PASSAGE TWO From a hillside, Kamal Saadat looked forlornly at hundreds of potential customers, knowing he could no
17、t take them for trips in his boat to enjoy a spring weekend on picturesque Oroumieh Lake, the third largest saltwater lake on earth, which now lay encased by solidifying salt. Saadat lamented that he could not understand why the lake was fading away. The long popular lake, home to migrating flamingo
18、s, pelicans and gulls, has shrunken by 60 percent and could disappear entirely in just a few yearsdrained by drought, misguided irrigation policies, development and the damming of rivers that feed it. Until two years ago, Saadat supplemented his income from almond- and grape-growing by taking touris
19、ts on boat tours. But as the lake receded and its salinity rose, he found he had to stop the boat every 10 minutes to unfoul the propellerand finally, he had to give up this second job that he“d used to support a five-member family. The visitors were not enjoying such a boring trip, for they had to
20、cross hundreds of meters of salty lakebed just to reach the boat from the wharf. Other boatmen, too, have parked their vessels by their houses, where they stand as sad reminders of the deep-water days. And the lake“s ebbing affects an ever-widening circle. The receding water has also weakened hotel
21、business and tourism activities in the area, and planned hotel projects remain idle since investors are reluctant to continue. Beyond tourism, the salt-saturated lake threatens agriculture nearby in northwest Iran, as storms sometimes carry the salt far afield. Many farmers worry about the future of
22、 their lands, which for centuries have been famous for apples, grapes, walnuts, almonds, onions, potatoes, as well as aromatic herbal drinks, candies and tasty sweet pastes. Official reports blame the drying mainly on a decade-long drought, and peripherally on consumption of water of the feeding riv
23、ers for farming. They put 5 percent of the blame on construction of dams and 3 percent on other factors. The first alarm over the lake“s shrinking came in late 1990s amid a nagging drought. Nonetheless, the government continued construction of 35 dams on the rivers which feed the lake; 10 more dams
24、are on the drawing boards for the next few years. Also completed was a lake-crossing roadway. No environmental feasibility study was done in the planning for the road, and environmentalists believe the project worsened the lake“s health by acting as a barrier to water circulation. In April, the Iran
25、ian government announced a three-prong effort to save the lake: a cloud-seeding program to increase rainfall in the area, a lowering of water consumption by irrigation systems, and supplying the lake with remote sources of water. Some experts termed the weather control portion of the program as only
26、 a “symbolic action“ by government, saying the best answer would be to release more water currently being held back by dams. The evaporation rate has been three times the rainfall rate, making the rivers“ historic role vital to sustaining the lake. In the green and beautiful city of Oroumieh, famous
27、 for peaceful coexistence between Azeri people, Kurds, Armenians, Assyrians as well as Muslims and Christians, talk about the fate of the lake is common among ordinary people in teahouses and on the streets. Some express happiness with the government decision to manipulate clouds in hopes of increas
28、ing rainfall. However, many locals called the cloud-seeding plan “a show“, and the water held back by those dams was the solution. Beyond the debates by national and local authorities some folks here suggest another way Oroumieh could be saved. A local legend says wild purple gladiolas have had a mi
29、raculous role in doing just that. The flowers have grown every year for a thousand years in the spot where a princess of Oroumieh was killed as she warned the people of the city about an invading enemy. As a recent sunset turned the lake golden, Kamal the boatman tried to find some hope in the retur
30、ning blossoms. “You see, still wild purple gladiolas are appearing in the spring,“ he said. “The city and its lake can eventually survive.“ PASSAGE THREE Every silver lining has its cloud. At the moment, the world“s oceans absorb a million tonnes of carbon dioxide an hour. Admittedly that is only a
31、third of the rate at which humanity dumps the stuff into the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels, but it certainly helps to slow down global warming. However, what is a blessing for the atmosphere turns out to be a curse for the oceans. When carbon dioxide dissolves in water it forms carbonic acid. A
32、t the moment, seawater is naturally alkalinebut it is becoming less so all the time. The biological significance of this acidification was a topic of debate among scientists. Many species of invertebrate have shells or skeletons made of calcium carbonate. It is these, fossilized, that form rocks suc
33、h as chalk and limestone. And, as anyone who has studied chemistry at school knows, if you drop chalk into acid it fizzes away to nothing. Many marine biologists therefore worry that some species will soon be unable to make their protective homes. Many of the species most at risk are corals. The end
34、 of the Permian period, 252m years ago, was marked by the biggest extinction of life known to have happened on Earth. At least part of the cause of this extinction seems to have been huge volcanic eruptions that poured carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. But some groups of animals became more extinc
35、t than others. Sponges, corals and brachiopods were particularly badly hit. Rather than counting individual species of fossils, which vary over time, paleontologists who study extinction usually count entire groups of related species, called genera. More than 90% of Permian genera of sponges, corals
36、 and brachiopods vanished in the extinction. By contrast, only half of the genera of mollusks and arthropods disappeared. This is because mollusks and arthropods are able to buffer the chemistry of the internal fluids from which they create their shells. This keeps the acidity of those fluids consta
37、nt. Sponges, corals and brachiopods, however, cannot do this. The situation at the moment is not as bad as it was at the end of the Permian. Nevertheless, calculations suggest that if today“s trends continue, the alkalinity of the ocean will have fallen by half a pH unit by 2100. That would make som
38、e places, such as the Southern Ocean, uninhabitable for corals. Since corals provide habitat and food sources for many other denizens of the deep, this could have a profound effect on the marine food web. No corals, no sea urchins and no who-knows-what-else would be bad news indeed for the sea. Thos
39、e who blithely factor oceanic uptake into the equations of what people can get away with when it comes to greenhouse-gas pollution should, perhaps, have second thoughts. PASSAGE FOUR Transplanting organs brings life to the dying. But most donor organs are harvested from the dead. Shortfalls in the n
40、umber of volunteer donors, the difficulty of gaining the consent of grieving relatives, and a reduction in most countries of the rate of fatal road accidents (the most reliable source of healthy organs), mean that there is a constant lack of them. Thousands die each year while on waiting lists for t
41、ransplants. Researchers have, therefore, long sought ways to boost supply. One idea is to harvest animal organs. That is less mad than it sounds. A liver, a kidney or a cornea does the same job, regardless of species. And it works. In 1984 an American child lived for three weeks after receiving a ba
42、boon heart intended as a stopgap until a human donor could be found (unfortunately, one was not found in time). Conversely, human organs have been transplanted into animals for the purpose of research. Earlier this year, for example, a paper in the American Journal of Transplantation described movin
43、g kidneys from human fetuses into rats. Until now, though, two technical problems have stood in the way of routinely transplanting animal organs into people. One is that the recipient“s immune system must be persuaded to tolerate a big chunk of foreign tissue. The other is that swapping tissues betw
44、een species risks swapping diseases, too. This second problem may soon be addressed, if George Church of the Harvard Medical School has his way. For, as he and his colleagues describe this week in Science, genetic engineering can now be used to eliminate one of the most worrying types of pathogen th
45、at might be spread via transplants. The animal most commonly suggested as a donor is the pig. Pigs are roughly the size of human beings. They are reasonably well understood. And millennia of experience mean they are easy to breed. But they are not perfect. In particular, their DNA is full of retrovi
46、ruses, known specifically as porcine endogenous retroviruses, or PERVs. The genes of these viruses hitch a lift from one pig generation to another as an integral part of the porcine genome, whence they can break out and cause infection. And tests in laboratories suggest that, given the opportunity,
47、they can infect human cells as well. The existence of PERVs, then, has been one of the main obstacles to transplanting pig organs into people. Dr Church and his colleagues thought PERVs ideal candidates to test the mettle of one of the rising stars of biotechnology, CRISPR/Cas9. This is a gene-editi
48、ng technique derived from bacteria, which use it as a sort of immune system. In nature, it recognises specific sequences of viral DNA and chops the DNA molecule apart at these points, protecting the bacterium from harm. Tweaked a bit in the laboratory, it can be made to recognise any DNA sequence an
49、d do likewise. This permits specific stretches of DNA to be deleted from genomes, and also allows new stretches to be inserted into the gap thus created. Dr Church and his fellow researchers analysed the genetic sequences of one family of PERVs, with a view to attacking them with CRISPR/Cas9. They found that the sequence of the gene which lets the virus integrate itself into its host“s DNA is the same from one strain of virus to another. That allowed them to program a CRISPR/Cas9 system to look for this particular sequence and chop it out of the genome.
