1、专业八级-589 (1)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、PART LISTENING COM(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、SECTION A(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Evaluating Speaking. What to evaluate A. 1 targets: the individual sounds stressed and weak sounds in words and speech 2 and intonation patterns standard: a typical listener“s 3 B. rules of language
2、rules : structure, lexis and discourse evaluator: providing suitable tasks and a suitable 4 targets: 5 grammatical structure 6 etc. C. 7 devices targets: use of eye contact and facial expression, gestures problems with evaluation: standards and 8 D. communicative functions targets: the ability to ch
3、oose specific 9 intonation and stress changes in 10 etc. for the purpose of communication evaluator: observation and comparison against a standard E. 11 targets: the ability to use formal and informal language the degree of 12 understanding of conversational principals and rules evaluator: providing
4、 suitable tasks which recreate 13 such as status and age . How to evaluate A. the use of an effective format for evaluation to 14 various elements B. reducing the impact of emotional factors C. practical concerns around available resources D. 15 . Conclusion （分数：15.00）填空项 1:_三、SECTION B(总题数：2，分数：10.
5、00)（分数：5.00）A.Creativity of Google engineers.B.The “twenty cents“.C.The recent recession.D.The importance of creativity.A.To let the two proceed on their own.B.To ask people to work together.C.To choose one for them to develop.D.To order them to change subjects.A.America suffers badly from the reces
6、sion.B.America has more financial support than other countries.C.America has more jobs lost and more jobs created per year.D.America has more experience in starting from scratch.A.New companies are born by defeating old ones.B.New jobs are created while old ones are lost.C.Many companies are formed
7、out of recession.D.Some jobs and companies are destroyed creatively.A.Positive.B.Negative.C.Neutral.D.Ambiguous.（分数：5.00）A.Because during tough times personal costs will be minimized.B.Because during tough times government will give more incentives.C.Because innovation occurs everywhere.D.Because fe
8、w resources lead to more focus on ongoing attempts.A.It will remain much the same as today.B.It will continue to focus on end users.C.It will retain the same values.D.It will continue to focus on creativity.A.To show that Google will double its size in 18 months.B.To indicate Google“s prospect in te
9、n years.C.To demonstrate that everything will be better in the future.D.To offer a look into a farther developed world in the future.A.Because it“ll be more convenient.B.Because it“ll be much cheaper.C.Because it“ll be much faster.D.Because people prefer that way.A.A goggle producer.B.A critic.C.A G
10、oogle user.D.Google CEO.四、PART READING COMPR(总题数：1，分数：44.00)PASSAGE ONE Water shortages plague a fifth of southern Europe. And with temperatures in the region forecast to rise several degrees this centuryreducing rainfall another 30%things will only get worse. Several thousand miles to the northwest
11、, however, global warming is increasing the number of icebergs calving off Greenland; they now number about 15,000 a year. An iceberg is a floating reservoir. Water from icebergs is the purest water, which was formed some 10,000 years ago. All those bergs eventually dissolve in the ocean“s brine. Wh
12、y not capture and haul some of them to Europe“s arid south? The idea of towing icebergs to the world“s thirstiest regions goes back to the 1950s. Georges Mougin, a French engineer and eco-entrepreneur, began looking seriously at the concept in the mid-1970s. Technologies to handle such a massive und
13、ertaking didn“t exist then. But they do now, thanks to Mougin, who at 86 is still working full tilt. A few years ago, he came up with the idea to enclose the bottom half of an iceberg with a skirt fashioned from insulating geotextile material to reduce melting en route. Then he imagined a scenario i
14、n which ocean currents could be used to help steer the tugboat pulling the iceberg and drastically reduce fuel consumptiona principle Mougin calls assisted drift. But a trial tow of a 7 million-ton iceberg would cost about $10 milliona sum that chilled investors. The problem was that he couldn“t sho
15、w them his visionuntil now. Thanks to a virtual- reality boost from French software company Dassault Systmes, he can simulate an iceberg“s entire journey from Newfoundland to the Canary Islands. The collaboration is part of an effort by Dassault, which sells high-end product-testing software to such
16、 companies as Boeing and Toyota, to offer modeling expertise to researchers like Mougin whose lofty ideas often dwarf their budgets. Two years ago, Dassault placed its 3-D imaging technologies and 15 of its engineers at Mougin“s disposal. Many hours and algorithms later, the team concluded recently
17、that Mougin“s big idea would work. One standard-size tug traveling at 1 knot, using assisted drift, could get a skirted 7 million-ton berg to the Canaries in about 141 days with only 38% of it melting. Better yet, larger bergs would lose proportionately less, because the amount of ice that melts off
18、 the sides is fairly static. Mougin was inspired to approach Dassault after watching a documentary that used the company“s 3-D modeling to bring to life architect Jean-Pierre Houdin“s theory on how the Great Pyramid of Giza was built. Dassault believes sharing the modeling software is a high-profile
19、 way to show off the cool things its products can do while simultaneously supporting scientific inquiry. “It“s a way to contribute to the community of innovators,“ says Cdric Simard, project director. Aside from supporting innovators, Dassault gives the software to French and U.S. programs aimed at
20、improving science, technology and engineering education in schools. Engineers on the iceberg project charted the journey under numerous scenarios. The model relied heavily on historical meteorologic and oceanographic data as well as forecasts in real time culled from satellites, buoys and balloons.
21、Temperature, salinity, winds, swells, currents and eddies were all calculated; the model even factored in a fierce storm on day 22 of a trip. The model was also able to track the melt rate and the tugboat“s fuel consumption. Using 3-D glasses, Mougin“s team virtually examined the berg from all angle
22、s and inspected both the insulation skirt and the seine used to capture and tow it. While ultimately proving Mougin“s theories were correct, the simulation wasn“t without drama. Indeed, the first trial was a disaster, which confirmed the wisdom of modeling. The simulated tug hit a huge eddy and spen
23、t a month circling in place before moving on, resulting in too much melting and heavy fuel consumption. Despite some initial hand-wringing, the necessary fix proved quite simple: moving the departure date from mid-May to mid-June. The next step for Mougin is to secure fundingfrom $2.96 million to $4
24、.44 millionfor a pilot study using a smaller fragment of ice to give the theory a real-world test. He and Wadhams got an encouraging response but no money when they sought a European Union grant a few years ago, but that was before the Dassault simulation. They expect the 3-D visuals will improve th
25、eir chances of landing a grant or a commercial partner. Mougin hopes to launch the pilot test next year and advance to a full-scale trial a year or two later. He“s also confident of the gambit“s commercial potential and has formed a company called WPI to exploit it. After nearly 40 years of effort,
26、Mougin anticipates serving frozen drinks en masse soon. PASSAGE TWO In 1990, William Deresiewicz was on his way to gaining a Ph.D. in English literature at Columbia University. Describing that time in the opening pages of his sharp, endearingly self-effacing new book, A Jane Austen Education, Deresi
27、ewicz explains that he faced one crucial obstacle. He loathed not just Jane Austen but the entire gang of 19th-century British novelists : Hardy, Dickens, Eliot. the lot. At 26, Deresiewicz wasn“t experiencing the hatred born of surfeit that Mark Twain described when he told a friend, “Every time I
28、read Pride and Prejudice I want to dig her up and hit her over the skull with her own shinbone.“ What Deresiewicz was going through was the rebel phase in which Dostoyevsky rules Planet Gloom, that stage during which the best available image of marriage is a prison gate. Sardonic students do not, as
29、 Deresiewicz points out, make suitable shrine-tenders for a female novelist whose books, while short on wedding scenes, never skimp on proposals. Emma Bovary fulfilled all the young scholar“s expectations of literary culture at its finest; Emma Woodhouse left him cold. “Her life,“ he lamented, “was
30、impossibly narrow.“ Her story, such as it was, “seemed to consist of nothing more than a lot of chitchat among a bunch of commonplace characters in a country village.“ Hypochondriacal Mr. Woodhouse, garrulous Miss Batesweren“t these just the sort of bores Deresiewicz had spent his college years stru
31、ggling to avoid? Maybe, he describes himself conceding, the sole redeeming feature of smug Miss Woodhouse was that she seemed to share his distaste for the dull society of Highbury. The state of outraged hostility is, of course, a setup. Many of Deresiewicz“s readers will already know him as the aut
32、hor of the widely admired Jane Austen and the Romantic Poets. One of the novelist“s most appreciative critics isn“t about to knock Austen off her plinth. Nevertheless, a profound truth lies embedded in Deresiewicz“s witty account of his early animosity. He applies that comic narrative device to her
33、six completed novels. Considered so, each work reveals itself as a teaching tool in the painful journey toward becoming not only adult but useful. The truth is that young readers don“t easily attach themselves to Austen. Mr. Darcy, “haughty as a Siamese cat“, isn“t half as appealing on the page as C
34、olin Firth stalking across the screen in Andrew Davies“s liberty-taking film. Seventeen-year-old Catherine Morland seems coltish and naive to readers of her own age today, while Emma Woodhouse, all of 20, appears loud, vain and bossy. And who, at 27 or thereabouts, now feels sympathy for the meeknes
35、s of Anne Elliot, a young woman who has allowed a monstrous father and a persuasive family friend to ruin her chances of happiness with the engaging Captain Wentworth? Deresiewicz“s emphasis on Austen“s lack of appeal to young readers struck a chord. The memory still lingers of being taken to lunch
36、by my father to meet a cultured man who might, it must have been hoped, exert a civilizing influence on a willful 20-year-old. We“d barely started on the appetizers before Jane Austen“s name came up. “I hate her,“ I announced, brandishing my scorn as a badge of pride. Invited to offer reasons, I pra
37、ttled on, much like Deresiewicz“s younger self, about her dreary characters: all so banal, so unimportant. Glancing up for admiration, I caught an odd expression on our guest“s face, something between amusement and disgust. I carried right on. It was another five years before I comprehended the sham
38、eless depths of my arrogance. I had matched Emmaat her worst. It happens that Emma at her worst is the turning point in Deresiewicz“s account of his own conversion. The fictional scene that taught him to understand the subtlety of Austen“s manipulation of the reader was the picnic at which Emma, coc
39、ksure as ever, orders gentle Miss Bates to restrict her utterance of platitudes during the meal. Miss Bates blushes painfully, and yet accepts the truth of Emma“s critique. The reader has no option but to admire, however grudgingly, such quiet humility. Although he“s a shrewd critic of Austen“s work
40、, Deresiewicz is less at ease when entering the genre of memoir. Girlfriends come and go; a controlling father is described without ever being quite brought to life; personal experiences of community in a Jewish youth movement are awkwardly yoked to the kindly naval group evoked by Austen in the Har
41、ville-Benwick household of Persuasion. Very occasionally, as in a startling passage that offers a real-life analogy to the socially ambitious Crawfords of Mansfield Park, a sentence leaps free of Deresiewicz“s selective recollections. “You guys are lunch meat now,“ a friend“s rich wife advises both
42、him and her husband. “Wait a few yearsyou“ll be sirloin steak.“ Here, slicing up through the text like a knife blade, surfaces a statement to match Austen“s own scalpel-wielding. Teaching became Deresiewicz“s chosen vocation. And Austen, he claims, taught him the difficult art of lecturing without b
43、eing didactic, in just the way that Henry Tilney instructs a wide-eyed Catherine Morlandand that Austen herself lays down the law to her readers. Rachel M. Brownstein“s Why Jane Austen? offers a different approach. Excellent in her overview of Austen“s ascent of the Olympian literary slope, Brownste
44、in speaks down to her readers from an equally dizzy height. Pity the “smart, eloquent and clubbable“ former pupil Brownstein names and thanks for having, at the end of the term, “helpfully clarified things by telling me what I had been saying.“ Ouch. Students, Brownstein loftily declares, are best i
45、ntroduced to Austen“s novels by being informed, for example, that the title “Mr. Knightley of Donwell Abbey“ conceals the code words “knightly“ and “donewell.“ No indication is given that this formidable tutor would embrace the collaborative observations from her pupils that Deresiewicz has learned
46、to welcome and enjoy. Brownstein remains, however, a superb critic, seen at her best when illuminating Austen“s mastery of significant detaila quality, she reminds us, Walter Scott was quick to discern and praise. Exasperated though I was when Brownstein remarked that partaking of the daily feasts a
47、t the Rockefeller Foundation“s Bellagio Center presented her with a “moral“ obligation, I“d gladly forgive worse for the pleasure of learning how artfully Austen sows our mistrust of her nastier characters. I have, however, one suggestion. Brownstein, almost as socially obsessed as her elegant scape
48、goat of choice, Lionel Trilling, dithers over exactly where to place Austen. Snobs, she declares, without much evidence, are among the novelist“s firmest fans. But Austen belonged neither to the aristocracy nor to the rising middle class. There“s no need for her to be pigeon-holed, but if a place mu
49、st be granted, how about “vicarage class“for the position from which a parson“s clever daughter could observe the mannered comedy of all walks of life? PASSAGE THREE The languages of the world can be divided into a number of families of related languages, possibly grouped into larger stocks, plus a residue of isolates, languages that appear not to be genetically related to any other known languages, languages that form one-member families on their own. The number of families or stocks, languages, and isolates is hotly disputed. The disagre
