1、专业八级-578 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、PART LISTENING COM(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、SECTION A(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Understanding Academic LecturesListening to academic lectures is an important task for university students. Then, how can we comprehend a lecture efficiently? . Understand all 1 A. words B. 2 3 4 5 . Ad
2、ding information A. lectures: sharing information with audience B. listeners: 6 C. sources of information knowledge of 7 8 of the world D. listening involving three steps: hearing 9 10 . 11 A. reasons 12 save time B. 13 content 14 . Evaluating while listening A. helps to decide the 15 of notes B. he
3、lps to remember information （分数：15.00）填空项 1:_三、SECTION B(总题数：2，分数：10.00)（分数：5.00）A.Doing what they have promised to schools.B.Creating opportunities for leading universities.C.Considering removing barriers for state school pupils.D.Reducing opportunities for state school pupils.A.There are not enoug
4、h universities to apply.B.They are not encouraged to enter leading universities.C.The government manipulates the enrolment.D.The universities are biased toward private school students.A.Universities are not working hard to accept state school pupils.B.The number of state pupils applying to Oxford fa
5、ils to increase.C.The government has lowered state pupils“ expectations.D.Leading universities are rejecting state school pupils.A.Stable.B.Increasing.C.At a standstill.D.Slight decrease.A.Private school pupils work harder than those in state schools.B.Oxford is in favor of students graduated from p
6、rivate schools.C.The government has curbed the state system.D.The state system discourages pupils from state schools entering leading universities.（分数：5.00）A.It demoralizes state school pupils.B.It is reducing opportunities for state school pupils.C.It sets barriers for pupils desiring to enter Camb
7、ridge.D.It caused pupils“ panic in going to universities.A.To be given more funding from education authorities.B.To be given all the money and decide how to spend it.C.To be granted greater power to run themselves.D.To be given more opportunities and choices.A.Schools.B.The government.C.Local author
8、ities.D.Educators.A.Local education authorities and the central government.B.Local education authorities and secondary schools together.C.Local education authorities only.D.The central government only.A.Asking for clarificationB.Challenging the intervieweeC.Supporting the intervieweeD.Initiating top
9、ics四、PART READING COMPR(总题数：1，分数：22.00)SECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS In this section there are several passages followed by fourteen multiple choice questions. For each multiple choice question, there are four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best an
10、swer and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET TWO. PASSAGE ONE In 2011, many shoppers opted to avoid the frenetic crowds and do their holiday shopping from the comfort of their computer. Sales at online retailers gained by more than 15%, making it the biggest season ever. But people are also returning
11、those purchases at record rates, up 8% from last year. What went wrong? Is the lingering shadow of the global financial crisis making it harder to accept extravagant indulgences? Or do people shop more impulsivelyand therefore make bad decisionswhen online? Both arguments are plausible. However, the
12、re is a third factor: a question of touch. We can love the look but, in an online environment, we cannot feel the quality of a texture, the shape of the fit, the fall of a fold or the weight of an earring. And physically interacting with an object makes you more committed to your purchase. When my m
13、ost recent book Brandwashed was released, I teamed up with a local bookstore to conduct an experiment about the differences between the online and offline shopping. I carefully instructed a group of volunteers to promote my book in two different ways. The first was a fairly hands-off approach. Whene
14、ver a customer would inquire about my book, the volunteer would take them over to the shelf and point to it. Out of 20 such requests, six customers proceeded with the purchase. The second option also involved going over to the shelf but, this time, removing the book and then subtly holding onto it f
15、or just an extra moment before placing it in the customer“s hands. Of the 20 people who were handed the book, 13 ended up buying it. Just physically passing the book showed a big difference in sales. Why? We feel something similar to a sense of ownership when we hold things in our hand. That“s why w
16、e establish or reestablish connection by greeting strangers and friends with a handshake. In this case, having to then let go of the book after holding it might generate a subtle sense of loss, and motivate us to make the purchase even more. A recent study conducted by Bangor University together wit
17、h the United Kingdom“s Royal Mail service also revealed the power of touch, in this case when it came to snail mail. A deeper and longer-lasting impression of a message was formed when delivered in a letter, as opposed to receiving the same message online. FMRIs (功能性磁共振成像) showed that, on touching t
18、he paper, the emotional centre of the brain was activated, thus forming a stronger bond. The study also indicated that once touch becomes part of the process, it could translate into a sense of possession. In other words, we simply feel more committed to possess and thus buy an item when we“ve first
19、 touched it. This sense of ownership is simply not part of the equation in the online shopping experience. As the rituals of purchase in the lead-up to Christmas change, not only do we give less thought to the type of gifts we buy for our loved ones but, through our own digital wish lists, we increa
20、singly control what they buy for us. The reality, however, is that no matter how convinced we all are that digital is the way to go, finding real satisfaction will probably take more than a few simple clicks. PASSAGE TWO My professor brother and I have an argument about head and heart, about whether
21、 he overvalues IQ while I lean more toward EQ. We typically have this debate about peoplecan you be friends with a really smart jerk (怪物)?but there“s corollary to animals as well. I“d love it if our dog could fetch the morning paper and then read it to me over coffee, but I actually care much more a
22、bout her loyal and innocent heart. There“s already enough thinking going on in our house, and we probably spend too much time in our heads. Where we need some role modeling is in instinct, and that“s where a dog is a roving revelation. I did not grow up with dogs, which meant that my older daughter“
23、s respectful but unyielding determination to get one required some adjustment on my part. I often felt she was training me: from ages of 6 to 9, she gently schooled me in various breeds and their personalities, whispered to the dogs we encountered so they would charm and persuade me, demonstrated by
24、 her self-discipline that she was ready for the responsibility. And thus came our dog Twist, whom I sometimes mistake for a third daughter. At first I thought the challenge would be to train her to sit, to heel, to walk calmly beside us and not go wildly chasing the neighbourhood rabbits. But I soon
25、 discovered how much more we had to learn from her than she from us. If it is true, for example, that the secret to a child“s success is less rare genius than raw persistence, Twist“s ability to stay on task is a model for us all, especially if the task is trying to capture the sunbeam that flicks a
26、round the living room as the wind blows through the branches outside. She never succeeds, and she never gives up. This includes when she runs square into walls. Then there is her unfailing patience, which breaks down only when she senses that dinnertime was 15 minutes ago and we have somehow failed
27、to notice. Even then she is more eager than indignant, and her refusal to whine shows a restraint of which I“m not always capable when hungry. But the lesson I value most is the one in forgiveness, and Twist first offered this when she was still very young. When she was about 7 months old, we took h
28、er to the vet to be spayed (切除卵巢). We turned her over to a stranger, who proceeded to perform a procedure that was probably not pleasant. But when the vet returned her to us, limp and tender, there was no recrimination (反责), no How could you do that to me? It was as though she already knew that we w
29、ould not intentionally cause her pain, and while she did not understand, she forgave and curled up with her head on my daughter“s lap. I suppose we could have concluded that she was just blindly loyal and docile. But eventually we knew better. She is entirely capable of disobedience, as she has prov
30、ed many times. She will ignore us when there are more interesting things to look at, rebuke us when we are careless, bark into the twilight when she has urgent messages to send. But her patience with our failings and fickleness and her willingness to give us a second chance are a daily lesson in gra
31、titude. My friends who grew up with dogs tell me how when they were teenagers and trusted no one in the world, they could tell their dog all their secrets. It was the one friend who would not gossip or betray, could provide in the middle of the night the soft, unbegrudging comfort and peace that ado
32、lescence conspires to disrupt. An age that is all about growth and risk needs some anchors and weights, a model of steadfastness when all else is in flux. Sometimes I think Twist“s devotion keeps my girls on a benevolent leash , one that hangs quietly at their side as they trot along but occasionall
33、y yanks them back to safety and solid ground. We“ve weighed so many decisions so carefully in raising our daughterswhat school to send them to and what church to attend, when to give them cell phones and with what precautions. But when it comes to what really shapes their character and binds our fam
34、ily, I never would have thought we would owe so much to its smallest member. PASSAGE THREE Most West African lorries are not in what one would call the first flush of youth, and I had learnt by bitter experience not to expect anything very much of them. But the lorry that arrived to take me up to th
35、e mountains was worse than anything I had seen before: it tottered on the borders of senile decay . It stood there on buckled wheels, wheezing and gasping with exhaustion from having to climb up the gentle slope to the camp, and I consigned myself and my loads to it with some fear. The driver, who w
36、as a cheerful fellow, pointed out that he would require my assistance in two very necessary operations : first, I had to keep the hand brake pressed down when travelling downhill, for unless it was held thus almost level with the floor it sullenly refused to function. Secondly, I had to keep a stern
37、 eye on the clutch, a willful piece of mechanism that seized every chance to leap out of its socket with a noise like a strangling leopard. As it was obvious that not even a West African lorry-driver could be successful in driving while crouched under the dashboard, I had to take over control of tho
38、se instruments if I valued my life. So, while I ducked at intervals to put on the brake, amid the rich smell of burning rubber, our noble lorry jerked its way towards the mountains at a steady twenty miles per hour; sometimes, when a downward slope favoured it, it threw caution to the winds and care
39、ered (猛冲) along in a reckless fashion at twenty-five. For the first thirty miles the red earth road wound its way through the lowland forest, the giant trees standing in solid ranks alongside and their branches entwined (盘绕) in an archway of leaves above us. Slowly and almost imperceptibly the road
40、started to climb upwards, looping its way in languid curves round the forested hills. In the back of the lorry the boys lifted up their voices in song: Home again, home again, When shall I see ma home? The driver hummed the refrain (副歌) softly to himself glancing at me to see if I would object. To h
41、is surprise I joined in and so while the lorry rolled onwards, the boys in the back maintained the chorus while the driver and I harmonized and sang complicated bits. Breaks in the forest became more frequent the higher we climbed, and presently a new type of undergrowth began to appear: massive tre
42、e-ferns standing at the roadside on their thick, squat, hairy trunks. These ferns were the guardians of a new world, for suddenly, as though the hills had shrugged themselves free of cloak, the forest disappeared. It lay behind us in the valley, while above us the hillside rose majestically, covered
43、 in a coat of waist-high grass. The lorry crept higher and higher, the engine gasping and shuddering with this unaccustomed activity. I began to think that we should have to push the wretched thing up the last two or three hundred feet, but to everyone“s surprise we made it, and the lorry crept on t
44、o the brow of the hill, trembling with fatigue, spouting steam from its radiator like a dying whale. We crawled to a standstill and the driver switched off the engine. “We must wait small-time, engine get hot,“ he explained, pointing to the forequarters of the lorry, which were by now completely inv
45、isible under a cloud of steam. Thankfully I descended from the red-hot inside of the cab and strolled down to where the road dipped into the next valley. From this vantage point I could see the country we had travelled through and the country we were to enter. PASSAGE FOUR Have you ever noticed a ce
46、rtain similarity in public parks and back gardens in the cities of the West? A ubiquitous woodland mix of lawn grasses and trees has found its way throughout Europe and the United States, and it“s now spread to other cities around the world. As ecologist Peter Groffman has noted, it“s increasingly d
47、ifficult to tell one suburb apart from another, even when they“re located in vastly different climates such as Phoenix, Arizona, or Boston in the much chillier north-east of the US. And why do parks in New Zealand often feature the same species of trees that grow on the other side of the world in th
48、e UK? Inspired by the English and New England countrysides, early landscape architects of the 19th century created an aesthetic for urban public and private open space that persists to this day. But in the 21st century, urban green space is tasked with doing far more than simply providing aesthetic
49、appeal. From natural systems to deal with surface water run-off and pollution to green corridors to increasing interest in urban food production, the urban parks of the future will be designed and engineered for functionality as well as for beauty. Imagine travelling among the cities of the mid-21st century and finding a unique set of urban landscapes that capture local beauty, natural and cultural history, and the environmental context. They are tuned to their locality, and diverse within as well as across cities. There are patches that provid
