1、专业八级-569 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、PART LISTENING COM(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、SECTION A(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Meaning in LiteratureIn reading literary works, we are concerned with the “meaning“ of one literary piece or another. However, finding out what something really means is a difficult issue. There are thr
2、ee ways to tackle meaning in literature. . Meaning is what is intended by 1 . Apart from reading an author“s work in question, readers need to 1) read 2 by the same author; 2) get familiar with 3 at the time; 3) get to know cultural values and 4 of the time. . Meaning exists “in“ the text itself. 1)
3、 some people“s view: meaning is produced by the formal properties of the text like 5 , etc. 2) speaker“s view: meaning is created by both conventions of meaning and 6 . Therefore, agreement on meaning could be created by common traditions and 7 of usage. But different time periods and different 8 pe
4、rspectives could lead to different interpretations of meaning in a text. . Meaning is created by 9 . 1) First: meaning is 10 ; 2) Second: meaning is 11 ; 3) Last: meaning requires 12 ; practicing competency in 13 practicing other 14 background research in 15 /traditions of writing/ political influen
5、ce/cultural influence/personal influence, etc. （分数：15.00）填空项 1:_三、SECTION B(总题数：1，分数：10.00)（分数：10.00）A.The existing airports are to be wasted.B.More people will be encouraged to travel.C.More oil will be consumed.D.More airplanes will be purchased.A.To conserve oil and fuel.B.To learn about foreign
6、culture.C.To encourage people“s consumption.D.To donate money to poor people.A.More people in the area.B.Noise and motorways.C.Waste of land.D.Unnecessary travel.A.The facilities are outdated.B.They are too crowded.C.The planes are too old.D.There are too few flights.A.It has become a fashion.B.It“s
7、 time for them to have family reunion.C.They want to find a pleasant climate.D.They have no other time for travelling.A.Farming.B.Housing.C.Parks.D.Department stores.A.More job opportunities.B.Vitality to the local economy.C.Road construction.D.Presence of aircrew in the area.A.They benefit a lot fr
8、om the airport.B.Advantages outweigh the disadvantages.C.Their hometown is damaged to some extent.D.They have more job opportunities.A.Because of less emphasis on personal contact.B.Because of advances in modem technology.C.Because of recent changes in people“s concepts.D.Because of more potential d
9、amage to the area.A.Strongly supportive.B.Mildly supportive.C.Strongly opposed.D.Mildly opposed.四、PART READING COMPR(总题数：1，分数：22.00)SECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS In this section there are several passages followed by fourteen multiple choice questions. For each multiple choice question, there
10、are four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET TWO. PASSAGE ONE Some time ago, the English actor Hugh Grant was arrested by the police in Los Angeles. He was performing a rather private activity in a public plac
11、e, with a lady of the night. For less famous mortals, such a mishap would have been merely embarrassing, but for such a famous film star the incident proved quite shattering. In this distressing circumstance, he was interviewed by an American journalist, who asked him a very American question: “Are
12、you receiving any therapy or counselling?“ Grant replied: “No. In England, we read novels.“ Half a century earlier, the great psychologist Carl Gustav Jung developed the other side of this same observation. He phrased it in more technical terms: “Man“s estrangement from the mythical realm and the su
13、bsequent shrinking of his existence to the mere factualthat is the major cause of mental illness.“ In other words, people who do not read fiction or poetry are in permanent danger of crashing against facts and being crushed by reality. And then, in turn, it is left to Dr Jung and his colleagues to r
14、ush to the rescue and attempt mending the broken pieces. Do psychotherapists multiply when novelists and poets become scarce? There may well be a connection between the development of clinical psychology on the one hand, and the withering of the inspired imagination on the otherat least, this was th
15、e belief of some eminent practitioners. Rainer Marie Rilke once begged Lou Andreas Salome to psychoanalyse him. She refused, explaining: “If the analysis is successful, you may never write poetry again.“ (And just imagine: had a skilful shrink cured Kafka of his existential anxieties, our ageand mod
16、em man“s conditioncould have been deprived of its most perceptive interpreter.) Many strong and well-adjusted people seem to experience little need for the imaginative life. Thus, for instance, saints do not write novels, as Cardinal Newman observed (and he ought to have known, since he came quite c
17、lose to being a saint, and he wrote a couple of novels). Practical-minded people and men of action are often inclined to disapprove of literary fiction. They consider reading creative literature as a frivolous and debilitating activity. In this respect, it is quite revealing that, for example, the g
18、reat polar explorer Mawsonone of our national heroesgave to his children the stem advice to not waste their time reading novels; instead, he instructed them to read only works of history and biography, in order to grow into healthy individuals. This reflects two very common fallacies. The first cons
19、ists in failing to see that, by its very definition, all literature is in fact imaginative literature. The second results from a mistaken notion of what “health“ is. Whatever fragile harmony we may have been able to achieve within ourselves is exposed every day to dangerous challenges and to ferocio
20、us batterings, and the issue of our struggle remains forever uncertain. A character in a novel by Mario Vargas Llosa gave (what seems to me) the best image for this common predicament of ours: “Life is a shitstorm, in which art is our only umbrella.“ This observation, in turn, brings us to the very
21、meaning of the NSW Premier“s Literary Awards. Any well-ordered state must naturally provide for public education, public health, public transports, public order, the administration of justice, the collection of garbage, etc. Beyond these essential services and responsibilities, a truly civilised sta
22、te also ensures that, in the pungent squalls of their daily lives, citizens are not left without umbrellasand therefore, it encourages and supports the arts. The beauty of all literary awards is that they produce only winnersthere can be no losers here, for this is not a competition and, in this res
23、pect, actually resembles more a lottery. Without doubting the quality of his work, a writer who receives a literary award is perfectly aware that he is being very lucky indeed. Not only he knows that this honour could have gone to any other writer on the short list, but he also knows that there are
24、many writers not on the shortlist, who may have deserved it equally well; and furthermore, it is quite conceivable that the writer who should have deserved it most did not even succeed in having his manuscript accepted for publication. PASSAGE TWO Every street had a story, every building a memory. T
25、hose blessed with wonderful childhoods can drive the streets of their hometowns and happily roll back the years. The rest are pulled home by duty and leave as soon as possible. After Ray Atlee had been in Clanton (his hometown) for fifteen minutes he was anxious to get out. The town had changed, but
26、 then it hadn“t. On the highways leading in, the cheap metal buildings and mobile homes were gathering as tightly as possible next to the roads for maximum visibility. This town had no zoning whatsoever. A landowner could build anything with no permit, no inspection, no notice to adjoining landowner
27、s, nothing. Only hog farms and nuclear reactors required approvals and paperwork. The result was a slash-and-build clutter that got uglier by the year. But in the older sections, nearer the square, the town had not changed at all. The long shaded streets were as clean and neat as when Ray roamed the
28、m on his bike. Most of the houses were still owned by people he knew, or if those folks had passed on the new owners kept the lawns clipped and the shutters painted. Only a few were being neglected. A handful had been abandoned. This deep in Bible country, it was still an unwritten rule in the town
29、that little was done on Sundays except go to church, sit on porches, visit neighbours, rest and relax the way God intended. It was cloudy, quite cool for May, and as he toured his old turf, killing time until the appointed hour for the family meeting, he tried to dwell on the good memories from Clan
30、ton. There was Dizzy Dean Park where he had played Little League for the Pirates, and there was the public pool he“d swum in every summer except 1969 when the city closed it rather than admit black children. There were the churchesBaptist, Methodist, and Presbyterianfacing each other at the intersec
31、tion of Second and Elm like wary sentries, their steeples competing for height. They were empty now, but in an hour or so the more faithful would gather for evening services. The square was as lifeless as the streets leading to it. With eight thousand people, Clanton was just large enough to have at
32、tracted the discount stores that had wiped out so many small towns. But here the people had been faithful to their downtown merchants, and there wasn“t a single empty or boarded-up building around the squareno small miracle. The retail shops were mixed in with the banks and law offices and cafes, al
33、l closed for the Sabbath. He inched through the cemetery and surveyed the Atlee section in the old part, where the tombstones were grander. Some of his ancestors had built monuments for their dead. Ray had always assumed that the family money he“d never seen must have been buried in those graves. He
34、 parked and walked to his mother“s grave, something he hadn“t done in years. She was buried among the Atlees, at the far edge of the family plot because she had barely belonged. Soon, in less than an hour, he would be sitting in his father“s study, sipping bad instant tea and receiving instructions
35、on exactly how his father would be laid to rest. Many orders were about to be given, many decrees and directions, because his father (who used to be a judge) was a great man and cared deeply about how he was to be remembered. Moving again, Ray passed the water tower he“d climbed twice, the second ti
36、me with the police waiting below. He grimaced at his old high school, a place he“d never visited since he“d left it. Behind it was the football field where his brother Forrest had romped over opponents and almost became famous before getting bounced off the team. It was twenty minutes before five, S
37、unday, May 7. Time for the family meeting. PASSAGE THREE It is, you might suppose, always good to have an alternative. In medicine, though, that is a controversial proposition. Alternative and complementary medicine are mostly quackery. Yet they are very popular. Clearly, they have something that ma
38、instream medicine does not. The question is, what? A few treatments (mostly herbs containing active drug molecules) do have proven benefits. A few others look worthy of further investigation. But from acupuncture, via homeopathy, to “quantum healing“, the vast majority, some 95%, offer nothing more
39、than the placebo effectthe strange and inadequately explained tendency of certain medical conditions to respond to anything the patient thinks is directed at treating them, even when the treatment in question could not possibly have a direct effect on the disease. It is thus a great pity that Edzard
40、 Ernst, the first professor of alternative medicine (that is, real scientific professor) and the man who demonstrated that 95% of the industry was hokum, is about to retire early. It is an even greater pity that funding to his department at Britain“s Exeter University looks likely to be cut. For the
41、 message needs to be broadcast that alternative medicine is a colossal waste of money. Globally, the industry is estimated to be worth some $60 billion a year. That is a lot to pay for placebos. The world“s advertising-standards offices should thus crack down on bogus claimsincluding the idea that t
42、here is such a thing as “alternative medicine“ in the first place. If it works, it is a medicine and should be regulated like one. If it doesn“t work, it isn“t a medicine. Whenever scientifically challenged celebrities, such as the Prince of Wales, waffle on about it in ways that suggest it is outsi
43、de the realm of scientific scrutiny, they too should be denounced by academics and proper doctors. That should not, however, blind those proper doctors to the one thing, among all the claptrap, the so-called alternative does have to offer. Placebos can bring relief, especially from nerve-related pro
44、blems like pain and depression. They may also reach further than that. There is growing evidence that the strength of a person“s immune system is affected by his mental state, too: a healthy mind really does count, especially in an unhealthy body. You do not necessarily have to dress up placebos in
45、the trumpery of alternative medicine: studies show placebos also work when patients are just given fake pills that they think are proper medicines and even when they know they are placebos. But the alternative-medicine industry plainly excels as a placebo delivery service. Visit more, listen more Fo
46、r all the nonsense, the industry follows the famed advice of Sir William Osler, one of the fathers of (real) medicine: “care more particularly for the individual patient than for the especial features of the disease.“ The industrialisation of patient care often depersonalises the process of treatmen
47、t. The average length of an appointment with a British family doctor, for example, is eight minutes. However, complementary and alternative therapistsperhaps because they are usually privatetake much longer. Patients reward them by believing (wrongly but usefully) that it is the specifics of the the
48、rapy that are bringing relief, rather than the attention itself. Proper doctors could learn from this. Veterans have always known the importance of a bedside manner. More home visits and fewer telephone consultations might work wonders. PASSAGE FOUR In his classic novel, “The Pioneers“, James Fenimo
49、re Cooper has his hero, a land developer, take his cousin on a tour of the city he is building. He describes the broad streets, rows of houses, a teeming metropolis. But his cousin looks around bewildered. All she sees is a stubby forest. “Where are the beauties and improvements which you were to show me?“ she asks. He“s astonished she can“t see them. “Where! Why everywhere,“ he replies. For though they are not yet built on earth, he has built them in his mind, and they are as concrete to him as if they were already constructed and finished. Cooper was
