1、专业八级-565 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、PART LISTENING COM(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、SECTION A(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Paralinguistic Features of LanguageIn face-to-face communication speakers often alter their tones of voice or change their physical postures in order to convey messages. These means are called paralingu
2、istic features of language, which fall into two categories. . First category: vocal paralinguistic features A. 1 : to express attitude or intention B. examples 1. 2 : need for secrecy 2. breathiness: deep emotion 3. 3 : unimportance 4. nasality: anxiety 5. extra lip-rounding: greater 4 . Second cate
3、gory: physical paralinguistic features A. facial expressions 1. 5 smiling: pleasure or welcome 2. less common expressions eyebrow raising: surprise or interest lip biting: 6 B. gesture Gestures are related to culture. 1. British culture shrugging shoulders: 7 scratching head: 8 2. other cultures pla
4、cing hand upon heart: 9 pointing at nose: secret C. proximity, posture and echoing 1. proximity: 10 between speakers closeness: intimacy or threat 11 : formality or absence of interest Proximity is person-, culture-and 12 -specific. 2. posture hunched shoulders or a hanging head: to indicate 13 dire
5、ct level eye contact: to express an open or challenging attitude 3. echoing definition: 14 of similar posture 15 : aid in communication conscious imitation: mockery （分数：15.00）填空项 1:_三、SECTION B(总题数：2，分数：10.00)（分数：5.00）A.Coexistence.B.Assimilation.C.Absorption.D.Submersion.A.Merging of different cult
6、ural identities.B.More emphasis on homogeneity.C.Embracing of more ethnic differences.D.Acceptance of more branches of Christianity.A.Some places are more diverse than others.B.Towns are less diverse than large cities.C.Diversity can be seen everywhere.D.America is a truly diverse country.A.Diversit
7、y is not a universal phenomenon in the US.B.Diversity is occurring everywhere in the US.C.Residents are reluctant to leave their hometown.D.People in Selinsgrove are not easily affected by migration.A.A geographer.B.A sociologist.C.A psychologist.D.An educator.（分数：5.00）A.Maine.B.Selinsgrove.C.Philad
8、elphia.D.California.A.Racial diversity is not occurring everywhere.B.Maine“s racial makeup will see a radical change.C.Racial diversity best embodies America“s population features.D.Racial diversity is everywhere in states of the US.A.Greater racial diversity exists among younger populations.B.Both
9、older and younger populations are racially diverse.C.Age diversity could lead to pension problems.D.Older populations are more racially diverse.A.It was most evident between 1990 and 2000.B.It exists among Muslim immigrants.C.It is restricted to certain places in the US.D.It is spreading to more par
10、ts of the country.A.Diversity and assimilation coexists meanwhile.B.Diversity is an underlying trend in the US.C.Tremendous emigration caused America“s diversity.D.Diversity tends to cause cultural shock.四、PART READING COMPR(总题数：1，分数：22.00)SECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS In this section there ar
11、e several passages followed by fourteen multiple choice questions. For each multiple choice question, there are four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET TWO. PASSAGE ONE When he decided to retire in 2003 after
12、 working as an accountant for 35 years, Michel Idiokitas, now 70, wasn“t ready to slow down. So he traded his office for a school, heading into the classroom to tutor underprivileged children who were struggling to learn how to read. Idiokitas, who“s been teaching for five years now, found his job t
13、hrough Experience Corps, a nonprofit that has 2,000 volunteers ages 55 or older tutoring and mentoring children to ensure that they“re able to read by the third grade. The organization is one of a crop of new groups catering to a growing desire among aging boomers: the need to reinvent themselves af
14、ter they retire. Such targeted firms were essentially nonexistent a decade ago. Today, they number in the dozens and offer services that range from one-on-one coaching to mentoring, workshops, classes, and even job placement. With 78 million Baby Boomers retiring in the next 20 years, the industry“s
15、 future looks promising. “It will be a huge business for companies doing this,“ Nancy Graham, editor of AARP The Magazine, says. New retirees often feel they“ve “ fallen off a cliff ,“ adds Judy Goggin, vice president of Civic Ventures, a think tank focused on boomers and what are called “encore car
16、eers.“ Many Boomers won“t even use the word “retire,“ because it“s associated with slowing down. They want another professional challenge, but until recently, there weren“t any established institutions to help them. Experience Corps, the service that helped Idiokitas land his teaching gig, was origi
17、nally part of Civic Ventures but spun off as its own nonprofit company in 2009. CEO Lester Strong says volunteers from a range of incomes, education levels, and ethnicities are attracted to the work by the belief that there“s no greater predictor for success in life than whether you can read, adding
18、 that knowing a child needs their help is particularly motivating. A study by Johns Hopkins Schools of Medicine and Public Health of 125 Experience Corps members found that the experiences related to the members“ new work provided such benefits as better overall health, higher activity levels, and b
19、igger social networks. Nora Hannah, the chief consortium officer for Experience Matters, a network of nonprofits, corporations, and individuals that provides service opportunities for retirees, says many of the older volunteer organizations that focus on retirees operate on an outdated model of civi
20、c engagement. They provide low-level tasks for volunteers, rewarding them with a pin for hours of service or volunteer luncheons, when what many boomers may want is to derive more meaning through significant work, she says: “We“re trying to create a sea change, a psychological shift about how we vie
21、w community talent.“ Carol Greenfield, founder of Discovering What“s Next, an organization that assists retirees through volunteer-driven programs and peer-to-peer information, echoes Hannah“s philosophy, adding that people at this stage of life don“t have the same support systems that young student
22、s have when they head to college and are considering their first careers. That“s where organizations like hers come in. But not all prospective retirees are looking for the same type of fulfillment. Many are willing to pay someone to help them develop their interests. One fee-based service is Vocati
23、on Vacations, which offers two- to three-day mentorship experiences, allowing new retirees to put their passion into practice. The group has 500 expert mentors, from a Grammy- winning composer to a Tony-award-winning director, winemakers, and photographers, who provide mentorship experiences to thou
24、sands of people a year, says Brian Kurth. “People realize this is an investment, (and) you can“t get this stuff out of a book.“ Vocation Vacations customers pay an average of $899 for two days of mentoring, plus airfare and lodging. Jerry Shaw, a 62-year-old living in Las Vegas, had mentorships with
25、 both a wedding photographer and a commercial photographer. A pharmaceutical sales representative for 27 years, Shaw opted for retirement when faced with a layoff in 2008. He wanted to turn a part-time hobby into a regular career. “If you“re going to get into a business and want to do quality work,
26、you need to learn from the best,“ he says. Since then, he“s launched a wedding and portrait photography business. Another group, Revolutionize Retirement, provides coaching services and “retirement boot camps,“ which are essentially weekend retreats that offer positive, creative, and successful agin
27、g strategies. The weekend retreats cost $250 (room and board is extra), while a personal coaching session with founder Lin Schreiber is $500 for 90 minutes. While most of these services offer significant attention and guidance, Patricia Grace, founder and CEO of Aging With Grace, a group providing r
28、esources for elder care, says boomers should be skeptical about fee-based services. She suggests approaching an organization that specializes in the area you might like to pursue and asking for a case study that provides an example of someone they“ve helped and how they did it. “If they promise to d
29、o everything for everybody, then you know you want to stay away from that,“ she says. Of course, not all retirees want or need a professional to chart out a satisfying course. Roger Strube, a 68-year-old former doctor living in Punta Gorda, Fla., now builds boats for disabled sailors. Unlike many re
30、tired doctors, whom he says often have no life outside their profession, he always knew sailing would become his avocation. “Some of us have a real good idea of what we want to do,“ he says. “Others are clueless.“ But he still thinks these organizations have value, particularly for the latter catego
31、ry: “If you can help a person explore and get in touch with where they“d find joy in their remaining years, it may make sense for a considerable part of the population.“ PASSAGE TWO A bus took him to the West End, where, among the crazy coloured fountains of illumination, shattering the blue dusk wi
32、th green and crimson fire, he found the caf of his choice, a tea-shop that had gone mad and turned Babylonian, a white palace with ten thousand lights. It towered above the older building like a citadel, which indeed it was, the outpost of a new age, perhaps a new civilization, perhaps a new barbari
33、sm; and behind the thin marble front were concrete and steel, just as behind the careless profusion of luxury were millions of pence, balanced to the last halfpenny. Somewhere in the background, hidden away, behind the ten thousand lights and acres of white napery and bewildering glittering rows of
34、teapots, behind the thousand waitresses and cash-box girls and black-coated floor managers and temperamental longhaired violinists, behind the mounds of cauldrons of stewed steak, the vanloads of ices, were a few men who went to work juggling with fractions of a farthing, who knew how many units of
35、electricity it took to finish a steak-and-kidney pudding and how many minutes and seconds a waitress (five feet four in height and in average health) would need to carry a tray of given weight from the kitchen lift to the table in the far comer. In short, there was a warm, sensuous, vulgar life flow
36、ering in the upper storeys, and a cold science working in the basement. Such was the gigantic tea-shop into which Turgis marched, in search not of mere refreshment but of all the enchantment of unfamiliar luxury. Perhaps he knew in his heart that men have conquered half the known world, looted whole
37、 kingdoms, and never arrived in such luxury. The place was built for him. It was built for a great many other people too, and, as usual, they were all there. It steamed with humanity. The marble entrance hall, piled dizzily with bonbons and cakes, was as crowded and bustling as a railway station. Th
38、e gloom and grime of the streets, the raw air, all November, were at once left behind, forgotten: the atmosphere inside was golden, tropical, belonging to some high mid-summer of confectionery. Disdaining the lifts, Turgis, once more excited by the sight, sound, and smell of it all, climbed the wide
39、 staircase until he reached his favorite floor, where an orchestra, led by a young Jewish violinist with wandering lustrous eyes and a passion for tremolo effects, acted as a magnet to a thousand girls. The door was swung open for him by a page; there burst, like a sugary bomb, the clatter of cups,
40、the shrill chatter of white-and-vermilion girls, and, cleaving the golden, scented air, the sensuous clamour of the strings; and, as he stood hesitating a moment, half dazed, there came, bowing, a sleek grave man, older than he was and far more distinguished than he could ever hope to be, who murmur
41、ed deferentially: “For one, sir? This way, please.“ Shyly, yet proudly, Turgis followed him. PASSAGE THREE Companies doing business in China constantly struggle to convert brand awareness into loyalty. A marketer will invest furiously to ensure that his or her brand is part of consumers“ considerati
42、on setsonly to see them swayed by a slightly cheaper price, a flashier promotion, or a more aggressive in-store salesperson. Many marketers wonder just how to attract and retain Chinese consumers when they are so promiscuous. Chinese consumers will only consider buying brands they trust and like. Ac
43、cording to a recent study we conducted, 45% of respondents believe that well-known brands stand for better quality and safetymany more than the 31% and 27% of American and French consumers who responded similarly. But, despite their preference for established brands, the Chinese always shop around e
44、xtensively. The number of consumers who choose from among a distinct set of brands (whom we call repertoire loyalists), and the number of brands that are in their repertoire, are both rising. The average Chinese consumer now chooses from between three and five brands in each product category compare
45、d with two to three brands a couple of years ago. Still, there are signs that it“s possible to build a loyal following around brands in China. One sign is the increasing sophistication of consumer tastes and preferences. At the end of the day, brands appeal to emotions; consumers need to see themsel
46、ves reflected in the brand in some way. For a long time, penny-pinching Chinese consumersmany buying certain products for the first timefocused only on a brand“s functional aspects, such as whether it does what it promises; how safe is it; and what“s a good price to pay for it. That“s changing, as c
47、onsumers in China also seek the emotional benefits that a brand can offer. What“s increasingly tipping the scales between brands is which one makes consumers “feel good,“ “feel special,“ or “stand out in the crowd.“ Our survey shows that as opposed to 8% in 2009, 19% of Chinese consumers purchasing
48、chocolate in 2011 chose a brand based on emotional considerations such as it “made me feel good.“ Dove chocolate, for instance, has built a successful brand in China by creating a positioning for itself as an indulgence for women. These consumers are looking for more than just chocolate; they want t
49、o feel that they“re treating themselves to a well-deserved reward. Dove has become the leading chocolate brand in China, with a market share of over 50%. Rising urban incomes are playing an important role in driving the shift from the purely practical to the emotional. As consumers become wealthier, they care less about the functional attributes of brands, so rising incomes are often correlated with brand loyalty. For example, among consumers who earned more than RMB 8,500 (U.S. $1,300) a month, 26% buy only one brand of mobile phone compared with 2
