1、专业八级-563 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、PART LISTENING COM(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、SECTION A(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Classifications of CulturesAccording to Edward Hall, different cultures result in different ideas about the world. Hall is an anthropologist. He is interested in relations between cultures. . High-conte
2、xt culture A. feature context: more important than the message meaning: 1 i.e. more attention paid to 2 than to the message itself B. examples personal space preference for 3 less respect for 4 attention to 5 concept of time belief in 6 interpretations of time no concern for 7 no control over time .
3、 Low-context culture A. feature message: separate from context meaning: 8 B. examples personal space desire/respect for 9 less attention to body language more concern for 10 attitude toward time concept of time: 11 dislike of 12 time seen as 13 . Conclusion 14 of different cultural assumptions relev
4、ance in work and life e.g. business, negotiation, etc. 15 in successful communication （分数：15.00）填空项 1:_三、SECTION B(总题数：2，分数：10.00)（分数：5.00）A.Differences between two languages.B.Declining capacity to learn syntax.C.Lack of time available.D.Absence of motivation.A.It“s natural for language learners to
5、 make errors.B.Differences between languages cause difficulty.C.There exist differences between English and Czech.D.Difficulty stems from either difference or similarity.A.The traditional method.B.The audiolingual method.C.The immersion method.D.The direct method.A.The indirect method.B.The traditio
6、nal method.C.The audiolingual method.D.The immersion method.A.It requires earnest efforts to learn a second language.B.To go to a-second-language-speaking country and talk to native speakers.C.To be placed under water without being taught how to swim.D.It means that you cannot speak your mother tong
7、ue.（分数：5.00）A.To introduce another famous linguist.B.To introduce theories that support second language acquisition.C.To keep the interviewee talking without awkward silence.D.To move the topic to a higher level.A.Children learn their first language unconsciously.B.Adults could only learn a second l
8、anguage effortfully.C.Adults could really acquire a second language.D.Children are gifted language learners.A.The Acquisition and Learning Distinction Hypothesis.B.The Comprehensible Input Hypothesis.C.The Monitor Hypothesis.D.The Active Filter Hypothesis.A.It involves attitude and emotional factors
9、 to second language acquisition.B.It emphasizes the role of comprehension.C.It means the syntactic rules are the same in both languages.D.It means desiring to acquire a second language.A.Causes of language learning difficulties.B.Differences between mother tongue and a second language.C.Theoretical
10、conceptualization of second language learning.D.Pedagogical implementation of second language teaching.四、PART READING COMPR(总题数：1，分数：22.00)SECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS In this section there are several passages followed by fourteen multiple choice questions. For each multiple choice question,
11、 there are four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET TWO. PASSAGE ONE No matter what the “content-should-be-free“ crowd says, copyright theft robs artists and businesses of their livelihoods. Creative industrie
12、s employ millions of people in the advanced world (and could be a rung on the ladder for poorer countries too, if, say, unscrupulous European content thieves did not habitually purloin the efforts of African musicians). The damage may be less than the annual $135 billion that the entertainment and p
13、ublishing industries claim. These firms could change their business models to reduce the pirates“ profits, especially in countries where an album costs a day“s wages. But mispricing does not justify crime. So far, attempts to stop online piracy have largely failed. Lawsuits did shut down file-sharin
14、g services such as Napster and Grokster, but others have taken their placesuch as Pirate Bay and the new “cyberlockers“ that operate in hard-to-reach jurisdictions. Many users of these sites think they are swapping, not stealing, material. But the cyberlockers make money with extra charges for heavy
15、 users. Congress is now considering the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) which would let copyright-holders take action against the intermediariessuch as payment services, search engines, and internet service providers (ISPs)that supply money and traffic to pirate sites. If the intermediaries do not cut
16、 these sites off, they will face lawsuits. In principle, the move is a good one. Content companies need more effective legal remedies against piracy. And the thrust of the bill is sensible. Search engines direct users to pirated content and make money off the ads that appear next to the search resul
17、ts. The threat of lawsuits might encourage them to do much more to ensure that a search for, say, “Lady Gaga mp3 download“ brings up legitimate online music services only. And putting the burden of enforcement on the private sector has advantages: the aggrieved party will have a better idea than the
18、 state whether a copyright infringement is worth pursuing. But the bill has problems too. The loose definition of infringement in SOPA could include sites that unwittingly carry comments linking to pirated material. That would make it too easy to launch spurious claims and too onerous for intermedia
19、ries to deal with them, and could discourage entrepreneurs from setting up new sites allowing users to post things (which, in the era of social media, is almost all websites). Large firms can cope with the extra hassle, but the fear of lawsuits could stifle smaller companies and start-ups. A second
20、big drawback is that SOPA obliges ISPs to put filters in place to prevent their customers reaching pirate websites easily. That risks damaging the Internet“s vital internal addressing system, which lets people use words instead of numbers to access websites. It also clashes with DNSSEC (don“t ask),
21、a protocol that America has long championed to increase Internet security. Messing with DNSSEC could create loopholes for hackers by allowing rogue websites to pose as legitimate ones. Savvy users (who do the most downloading) will be able to bypass these filters anyway. And the bill“s vague wording
22、 leaves open the possibility that American ISPs might have to institute more intrusive forms of filtering, with the costs, performance problems and privacy issues that would inevitably entail. Yet SOPA“s flaws are not, as its opponents claim, fatal. The bill should be pruned and tightenedby defining
23、 more narrowly the kinds of websites that intermediaries can be asked to block, and by removing the requirement that ISPs put filters in placeto ensure that it makes life harder for malefactors without damaging the Internet or imposing unreasonable costs on the law-abiding. The battle over SOPA is a
24、 fight between two hugely creative forces. The content companies want to protect a business that is the core of modern culture; the software companies are determined to defend the innovative power of an industry that has transformed the world in the past few decades. Tension between them is inevitab
25、le; but a redrafted law could surely deal fairly with both. PASSAGE TWO It“s a snowy Saturday in Chicago, but Amy, age 28, needs resort wear for a Caribbean vacation. Five years ago, in 2011, she would have headed straight for the mall. Today she starts shopping from her couch by launching a videoco
26、nference with her personal concierge at Danella, the retailer where she bought two outfits the previous month. The concierge recommends several items, superimposing photos of them onto Amy“s avatar. Amy rejects a couple of items immediately, toggles to another browser tab to research customer review
27、s and prices, finds better deals on several items at another retailer, and orders them. She buys one item from Danella online and then drives to the Danella store near her for the in-stock items she wants to try on. As Amy enters Danella, a sales associate greets her by name and walks her to a dress
28、ing room stocked with her online selectionsplus some matching shoes and a cocktail dress. She likes the shoes, so she scans the bar code into her smartphone and finds the same pair for $30 less at another store. The sales associate quickly offers to match the price, and encourages Amy to try on the
29、dress. It is daring and expensive, so Amy sends a video to three stylish friends, asking for their opinion. The responses come quickly: three thumbs down. She collects the items she wants, scans an internet site for coupons (saving an additional $73), and checks out with her smartphone. As she heads
30、 for the door, a life-size screen recognizes her and shows a special offer on an irresistible summer-weight top. Amy checks her budget online, smiles, and uses her phone to scan the customized Quick Response code on the screen. The item will be shipped to her home overnight. This scenario is fiction
31、al, but it“s neither as futuristic nor as fanciful as you might think. All the technology Amy uses is already availableand within five years, much of it will be ubiquitous. But what seems like a dream come true for the shopperan abundance of information, near-perfect price transparency, a parade of
32、special dealsis already feeling more like a nightmare for many retailers. Companies such as Tower Records, Circuit City, Linens“n Things, and Borders are early victimsand there will be more. Every 50 years or so, retailing undergoes this kind of disruption. A century and a half ago, the growth of bi
33、g cities and the rise of railroad networks made possible the modem department store. Mass-produced automobiles came along 50 years later, and soon shopping malls lined with specialty retailers were dotting the newly forming suburbs and challenging the city-based department stores. The 1960s and 1970
34、s saw the spread of discount chainsWalmart, Kmart, and the likeand, soon after, big-box “category killers“ such as Circuit City and Home Depot, all of them undermining or transforming the old-style mall. Each wave of change doesn“t eliminate what came before it, but it reshapes the landscape and red
35、efines consumer expectations, often beyond recognition. Retailers relying on earlier formats either adapt or die out as the new ones pull volume from their stores and make the remaining volume less profitable. Like most disruptions, digital retail technology got off to a shaky start. A bevy of inter
36、net-based retailers in the 1990sA, P, and pretty much embraced what they called online shopping or electronic commerce. These fledgling companies ran wild until a combination of ill-conceived strategies, speculative gambles, and a slowing economy burst the dot-corn bubble. The ensuing collapse wiped
37、 out half of all e commerce retailers and provoked an abrupt shift from irrational exuberance to economic reality. Today, however, that economic reality is well established. The research firm Forrester estimates that e-commerce is now approaching $200 billion in revenue in the United States alone an
38、d accounts for 9% of total retail sales, up from 5% five years ago. The corresponding figure is about 10% in the United Kingdom, 3% in Asia-Pacific, and 2% in Latin America. Globally, digital retailing is probably headed toward 15% to 20% of total sales, though the proportion will vary significantly
39、 by sector. Moreover, much digital retailing is now highly profitable. Amazon“s five-year average return on investment, for example, is 17%, whereas traditional discount and department stores average 6.5%. What we are seeing today is only the beginning. Soon it will be hard even to define e-commerce
40、, let alone measure it. Is it an e-commerce sale if the customer goes to a store, finds that the product is out of stock, and uses an in-store terminal to have another location ship it to her home? What if the customer is shopping in one store, uses his smartphone to find a lower price at another, a
41、nd then orders it electronically for in-store pickup? How about gifts that are ordered from a website but exchanged at a local store? Experts estimate that digital information already influences about 50% of store sales, and that number is growing rapidly. PASSAGE THREE We had been wanting to expand
42、 our children“s horizons by taking them to a place that was unlike anything we“d been exposed to during our travels in Europe and the United States. In thinking about what was possible from Geneva, where we are based, we decided on a trip to Istanbul, a two-hour plane ride from Zurich. We envisioned
43、 the trip as a prelude to more exotic ones, perhaps to New Delhi or Bangkok later this year, but thought our 11-and 13-year-olds needed a first step away from manicured boulevards and pristine monuments. What we didn“t foresee was the reaction of friends, who warned that we were putting our children
44、 “in danger“, referring vaguely, and most incorrectly, to disease, terrorism or just the unknown. To help us get acquainted with the peculiarities of Istanbul and to give our children a chance to choose what they were particularly interested in seeing, we bought an excellent guidebook and read it th
45、oroughly before leaving. Friendly warnings didn“t change our planning, although we might have more prudently checked with the U.S. State Department“s list of trouble spots. We didn“t see a lot of children among the foreign visitors during our six-day stay in Istanbul, but we found the tourist areas
46、quite safe, very interesting and varied enough even to suit our son, whose oft-repeated request is that we not see “every single“ church and museum in a given city. Vaccinations weren“t needed for the city, but we were concerned about adapting to the water for a short stay. So we used bottled water
47、for drinking and brushing our teeth, a precaution that may seem excessive, but we all stayed healthy. Taking the advice of a friend, we booked a hotel a 20-minute walk from most of Istanbul“s major tourist sites. This not only got us some morning exercise, strolling over the Karakoy Bridge, but took
48、 us past a colorful assortment of fishermen, vendors and shoe shiners. From a teenager and pre-teen“s view, Istanbul street life is fascinating since almost everything can be bought outdoors. They were at a good age to spend time wandering the labyrinth of the Spice Bazaar, where shops display mound
49、s of pungent herbs in sacks. Doing this with younger children would be harder simply because the streets are so packed with people; it would be easy to get lost. For our two, whose buying experience consisted of department stores and shopping mall boutiques, it was amazing to discover that you could bargain over price and perhaps end up with two of something for the price of one. They also learned to figure out the relative value of the Turkish lira, not a small matter with its many zeros. Being expo
