1、专业八级-518 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、PART LISTENING COM(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、SECTION A(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Complete the gap-filling task. Some of the gaps below may require a maximum of THREE words. Make sure the word (s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically semantically acceptable. You may refer to your
2、notes.Physical Education FacultyThe physical fitness instructors course is offered as a (1) This employment must be (2) to sports administration.For the (3) course we offer a one-year diploma course.Physical Education Teacher course needs (4) as it is entered directly by school leavers.A six-month c
3、ertificate is offered for the (5) A Physical Fitness Instructor works in health and fitness centers (6) for ordinary members of the public.The duties for Sports Administrators include booking (7) and organizing the schedule.Sports Psychologists spend time with professional athletes helping them appr
4、oach competition with a (8) .PE Teachers instruct young students in how to (9) and do other recreational activities correctly and safely.The aim for the recreation officers is to raise peoples awareness of healthy lifestyles and (10) （分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_
5、填空项 1:_填空项 1:_三、SECTION B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the interview.（分数：5.00）(1).What is the percent of the traditional families in the United States a
6、t present?（分数：1.00）A.10%B.25%.C.35%.D.50%.(2).Which of the following is NOT the reason for the changes in the family structure?（分数：1.00）A.The changing and changed family diversity.B.Aggressive enforcement of domestic violence laws.C.Greater social acceptance of unmarried cohabitation.D.Changing reli
7、gious attitudes and more spiritual flexibility.(3).The reason why some people are single are all of the following EXCEPT_.（分数：1.00）A.that marriage is regarded as a sexist institutionB.that they become single when their spouse dieC.that people will for some reason get divorcedD.that marriage is seen
8、as a quasi-religious institution(4).To most of these people, a domestic partnership means _.（分数：1.00）A.a non-marital familyB.equal pay for equal workC.a publicity registered family unitD.domestic partner benefits compensation(5).When people do not get married, which of the following do they NOT choo
9、se to do?（分数：1.00）A.To have a domestic partner but not a spouse.B.To cohabit with an opposite-sex mate.C.To stay single all his/her life.D.To receive more pay packag四、SECTION C(总题数：3，分数：5.00)Questions 6 and 7 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds
10、to answer each question. Now listen to the news.（分数：2.00）(1).The reconstruction of the war-wrecked bridge was considered to be symbol of all of the following EXCEPT _.（分数：1.00）A.coexistenceB.environmental protectionC.international cooperationD.reconciliation(2).So far 821 protected sites scatter acr
11、oss _ countries.（分数：1.00）A.21B.24C.137D.160Questions 8 and 9 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer each question. Now listen to the news.（分数：2.00）(1).Many Americans are turning to the Internet _.（分数：1.00）A.to send their greetings to thei
12、r friendsB.to buy goods from other countriesC.to avoid crowded storesD.to save large sum of money(2).When is “Cyber Monday“?（分数：1.00）A.It is the Monday before Thanksgiving.B.It is the Monday after Thanksgiving.C.It is the Monday before Christmas.D.It is the Monday after Christmas.1.Question 10 is ba
13、sed on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the question. Now listen to the news.If Iran resumes uranium enrichment, it will first face the examination of _.（分数：1.00）A.EUB.UN Security CouncilC.International Atomic Energy AgencyD.UN General Assembly五
14、、PART READING COMPR(总题数：0，分数：0.00)六、TEXT A(总题数：1，分数：5.00)These are tough times for Wal-Mart, Americas biggest retailer. Long accused of wrecking small-town America and condemned for the stinginess of its pay, the company has lately come under fire for its meanness over employees health-care benefits
15、. The charge is arguably unfair, the firms health coverage, while admittedly less extensive than the average for big companies, is on a par with other retailers. But bad publicity, coupled with rising costs, has stirred the Bentonville giant to action. Wal-Mart is making changes that should shift th
16、e ground in Americas health-care debate.One strategy is to slash the prices of many generic, or out-of-patent., prescription drugs. WalMart recently announced that its Florida stores would sell a list of some 300 generic drugs at $ 4 for a months supply other states will follow. That is above cost b
17、ut far less than the prices charged by many pharmacy chains, which get profits from fat margins on generics.Wal-Marts critics dismiss the move as a publicity stunt. The list of drugs includes only 143 different medicines and excludes many popular generics. True, but short-sighted. Wal-Mart .has tran
18、sformed retailing by using its size to squeeze suppliers and passing the gains on to consumers. It could do the same with drugs. Target, another big retailer, has already announced that it will match the new pricing. A “Wal-Mart effect“ in drugs will not solve Americas health-costs problem: generics
19、 account for only a small share of drug costs, which in turn make up only 10% of overall health spending. But it could help.The firms other initiative is more controversial. Wal-Mart is joining the small but fast-growing group of employers who are controlling costs by shifting to health insurance wi
20、th high deductibles.From January 1st new Wal-Mart employees will only be offered insurance with very low premiums (as little as $11 a month for an individual) but rather high deductibles (excesses): an individual must pay at least the first $1,000 of annual health-care expenses, and on a family plan
21、, the first $ 3, 000. Usually, Wal-Marts plan includes three doctor visits and three prescription drugs before the big deductible kicks in. Since most employees go to the doctor less often than that, the company argues, they will be better off because of the lower premiums. That may be true for the
22、healthy, say critics; sicker workers will see their health costs soar.This debate, writ large, is the biggest controversy in American health care today. The Bush administration has been pushing high-deductible plans as the best route to controlling health costs and has encouraged them, with tax-brea
23、ks for health-saving accounts. The logic is appealing. Higher deductibles encourage consumers to become price-conscious for routine care, while insurance kicks in for catastrophic expenses.Early evidence suggests these plans do help firms control the cost of health insurance. But critics say that th
24、e savings are misleading. They argue that the plans shift costs to sicker workers, discourage preventative care and will anyway do little to control overall health spending, since most of the $ 2 trillion (a sixth of its entire GDP) that America spends on health care each year goes to people with mu
25、ltiple chronic diseases.For the moment, relatively few Americans are covered by these “consumer-directed“ plans. But they are becoming increasingly popular, especially among firms employing low-skilled workers. And now Americas biggest employer has joined the high-deductible trend. That is bound to
26、have an impact.（分数：5.00）(1).According to the passage, the health-care benefits of Wal-Mart _.（分数：1.00）A.are to be increased greatly due to others accusationB.started to incur much criticism a long time agoC.are at the same level as those of other retailersD.will be in line with the rising costs of t
27、he commodities(2).The authors attitude towards the reduction of the prices of many generic drugs is one of _.（分数：1.00）A.favorableB.criticalC.apatheticD.skeptical(3).As to the healthcare issue, Wal-Mart is trying to _.（分数：1.00）A.reduce its operating costsB.look for other way outC.seek help from the g
28、overnmentD.divert peoples attention(4).The phrase “kicks in“ in Line 5 of Paragraph 6 probably means _.（分数：1.00）A.starts to lower health costsB.starts to have an effectC.starts to push up health costD.starts to offset deductibles(5).The author is most likely to agree that high-deductible plans _.（分数
29、：1.00）A.will not affect sicker workers negativelyB.are the best way to reduce health costsC.will increase the health costs of sicker workersD.should work out to be feasible plans七、TEXT B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)John Julius Norwich is the author of more than a dozen books on Norman Sicily, the Sahara, Mount At
30、hos and the Venetian and Byzantine empires. Yet even his immense knowledge is not enough to keep his latest chronicle-of 5,000 years of Mediterranean history-from appearing somewhat lopsided.Lord Norwichs first task, he notes in his introduction to The Middle Sea, was to compensate for an ignorance
31、of Spain. He records that he was fortuitously invited to dinner by “my dear friend“ the Spanish ambassador to London and “a few weeks later there came an invitation for my wife and me to spend ten days in Spain“. It is hard to believe that was all the effort he made, for he acquits himself well, eve
32、n in the convoluted diplomacy that ended in the war of the Spanish succession.Lord Norwichs second task was to strike a balance over time. The Middle Sea reaches from ancient Egypt to the First World War. Like many long, chronological narratives, it becomes progressively more detailed, though it is
33、debatable whether this is a good thing. Few people have changed the region as much as the Romans, yet their republics five centuries get only a page more than the great siege of Gibraltar which began in 1779.Lord Norwichs final, and arguably most important, challenge is the area that is most likely
34、to engage modern readers: the intermittent, but frequently savage, conflict between Muslims and Christians. Impatient with the notion, echoed most recently and disastrously by Pope Benedict, that the Koran sanctions the spreading of Islam by the sword, Lord Norwich is no Islamophobe. He is hostile t
35、o the Crusades and fulsome in his praise of that traditional Western schoolbook villain, Saladi.Yet his account remains disappointingly focused from Christendom outwards. It is true, that Muslims do appear in his bookusually in battlebut they rarely speak. Only two items in the 170- volume biography
36、 are by Arab scholars and only one is by a Turk. This is unabashedly history of the old school: Eurocentric (Octavian, the author declares without irony, was the “undisputed master of the known world“) and largely uninterested in what other economic, social, and, technological changes may have shape
37、d events.What fires Lord Norwich is recounting the doings of princes and preachers, warriors, courtiers and courtesans. And he does it with consummate skill. He spices his narrative liberally with entertaining anecdotes, deft portraits and brisk judgments. Aristotle, for example, is given short shri
38、ft as “one of the most reactionary intellectuals that ever lived“. Lord Norwichs control of his vast and complex subject matter is masterly. And the subject matter itself is as colorful as history can get. No sooner have readers bidden farewell to a short, fat, dissolute sultan, Selim the Sot, than
39、they encounter the “piratical Uskoks, a hetero generous, but exceedingly troublesome community“. Although few will resist the temptation to keep turning the pages, readers will close this monumental work exhilarated and informed, but with plenty of questions still unanswered.（分数：5.00）(1).According t
40、o the author, Lord Norwich s new book on Mediterranean history is _.（分数：1.00）A.cynicalB.comprehensiveC.partialD.equivocal(2).It can be inferred from the text that _.（分数：1.00）A.the history of Spain is comparatively less referred toB.the Spanish ambassador and Lord Norwich are close friendsC.the chapt
41、ers of the book are of the same lengthD.todays readers are fed up with seeing conflicts(3).Which of the following is INCORRECT about The Middle Sea?（分数：1.00）A.There should be more pages about the Romans.B.Lord Norwich writes quite well for the part of Spain.C.Lord Norwich holds a negative attitude t
42、o the Crusades.D.Norwich agrees with Pope Benedict on the spreading of Islam.(4).According to the text, Lord Norwich is probably _.（分数：1.00）A.an egocentric manB.a conservativeC.a modest scholarD.a kind-hearted man(5).The authors overall comment on Lord Norwichs book is one of _.（分数：1.00）A.disapprova
43、lB.impartialityC.ambiguityD.extolment八、TEXT C(总题数：1，分数：4.00)In developing a model of cognition, we must recognize that perception of the external world does not always remain independent of motivation. While progress toward maturity is positively correlated with differentiation between motivation an
44、d cognition, tension will, even in the mature adult, lead towards a narrowing of the range of perception. Cognition can be seen as the first step in the sequence events leading from the external stimulus to the behavior of the individual. The child develops from belief that all things are an extensi
45、on of its own body to the recognition that objects exist independent of his perception. He begins to demonstrate awareness of pe0ple and things which are removed from his sensory apparatus and initiates goal-directed behaviors. He may, however, refuse to recognize the existence of barriers to the at
46、tainment of his goal, despite the fact that his cognition of these objects has been previously demonstrated.In the primitive beings, goal-directed behavior can be very simple motivated. The presence of an attractive object will cause an infant to reach for it; its removal will result in the cease of
47、 that action. In adult life, mere cognition can be similarly motivational, although the visible presence of the opportunity is not required as the stimulants of response. The mature adult modifies his reaction by obtaining information, interpreting it, and examining consequences. He formulates a hyp
48、othesis and attempts to test it. He searches out implicit relationships, examines all factors, and, differentiates among them. Just as the trained artist can separate the value of color, composition, and technique, while taking in and evaluating the whole work, so, too, the mature person brings his
49、cognitive learning strengths to bear in evaluating a situation.Understanding that cognition is separate from action, his reaction is only minimally guided from conditioning, and he takes into consideration anticipatable events. The impact of the socialization process particularly that of parental and social group ideology
