1、专业八级-514 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、READING COMPREHENSIO(总题数：8，分数：100.00)Some people learned everything they know about Kazakhstan from Borat, the buffoonish journalist played by Sacha Baron Cohen in the 2006 film “Borat.“ Those who“ve heard a bit more will think of Kazakhstan as a remote land sti
2、ll run by a Soviet-era strongman, who is now building a new capital as a bizarre monument to himself. So travelers who actually venture to the former Soviet republic in Central Asia may be surprised by what they find. Since Kazakhstan gained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, its standard o
3、f living has risen dramatically, and tourists have begun to take note of its cosmopolitan cities, striking natural landscape and steadily improving Western-standard comforts. Whether you“re looking for Silk Road exoticism, great steppes ecotourism or oil-wealth extravagance, Kazakhstan is slowly eme
4、rging from underneath its Soviet-era shroud to beckon the adventurous and the hedonistic alike. “The changes are gigantic,“ says Beth Jones, U.S. ambassador to Kazakhstan from 1995 to 1998, when “there were no streetlights or curbs on the road and people were having a very difficult time making ends
5、 meet. It“s a completely different country now.“ That“s thanks mainly to oil. The largest landlocked nation in the world, Kazakhstan sits on more than 3 percent of the world“s oil reserves. It was the first nation in the Caspian region to privatize its energy industry and open up to Western business
6、es. Since independence, it has received more than $30 billion in direct foreign investment. “Oil money is a very important asset,“ says Zhanbolat Ussenov, assistant to the Kazakhstan ambassador to the United States in Washington, D.C. “It“s a tool for building up the economy.“ And it shows. The tour
7、ist infrastructure is beginning to bloom. In the old capital city of Almaty, BMWs and Mercedeses cruise up and down the streets, with well-dressed customers patronizing bustling cafs, bars and nightclubs. Guest accommodations have drastically improved; among the new hotels that have opened in the pa
8、st few years are the InterContinental, opposite the presidential palace, and Central Asia“s first five-star hotel, the Hyatt Regency Almaty, where the Regency Suite Kingwith two balconies, a separate dining room and a marble bathgoes for a whopping （分数：9.00）(1).Which of the following statements is I
9、NCORRECT?（分数：3.00）A.“Borat“ tells us about a journalist in the mysterious land.B.People often consider Kazakhstan as a far-away land.C.Kazakhstan was a great country led by a big Russian.D.The past of Kazakhstan was different from what it is now.(2).Since independence from the Soviet Union in 1991,
10、people in Kazakhstan can NOT feel _.（分数：3.00）A.the rising living standardB.the improving ecotourismC.the Soviet-era shadowD.much safer in the street(3).The relationship between the first and second paragraphs is that _.（分数：3.00）A.each presents one aspect of the countryB.the two paragraphs form a sha
11、rp contrastC.the second illustrates the first with examplesD.both tells us Kazakhstan“s history and developmentGaelic, the old Celtic tongue of the Scots, is now spoken by little more than 75,000 people, most of them in the Highlands and the Hebrides. By their acceptance and use of the English trans
12、lation of the Bible, the Scottish reformers of the 16th century in effect adopted English as the national language. But as any singer of “Auld Lang Syne“ knows, the Scots have made the English they speak peculiarly their own. They have retained a high percentage of vocabulary derived from Old Norse
13、and Anglo-Saxon, and they speak with a lilt. Indeed, “Scots“ is an actual “language“ all on its own. The future of Scottish English depends on the degree to which Scots go on using their version of an international language. The future of Gaelic, Scotland“s second language, depends purely on whether
14、 people speak it or not. It is a completely separate tongue, with its unique vocabulary and grammar, as different from English as are Greek or Polish. But it is in trouble, despite a recent revival in interest. What was a thousand years ago the speech of Scotland“s kings has now dwindled to the exte
15、nt that less than 2 percent of the nation“s inhabitants speak it. The stronghold of Scottish Gaelicwhich is closely related to, but quite distinct from, Irish Gaelicis in the northwest Highlands and in the Western Isles, although large numbers of native speakers live in the Central Belt, especially
16、in Glasgow (over ten thousand). The highest concentration of all occurs on the island of Lewis in the Outer Hebrides. The largest town there, Stornoway, is the base for the civic authority, the Western Isles Council (Comhiairle nan Eilean in Gaelic) and the true capital of the Scottish Gaelic-speaki
17、ng world. Stornoway is the only town where you are likely to hear the language spoken regularly in the street. But even in the rural hinterland, one person in ten has no fluency in it. Gaelic (pronounced “Gallic“ by English-speaking Scots) is taught in schools in the area, and many children still le
18、arn it from their parents. But as Donald Maciver, Gaelic-speaking editor of the Western Isles“ weekly newspaper, admitted in 1987, the steady decline in the number of speakers has not been halted: “The reality of it is that the kids in the village who once spoke Gaelic don“t nowadays. English is the
19、 language of the playground.“ Gaelic survives as a literary language, thanks to poets like Sorley MacLean, Derick Thomson and lain Crichton Smith. But efforts to bring it into the world of commerce, politics and technology are painfully difficult. Mr. Maciver“s paper, The Stornoway Gazette, is publi
20、shed almost entirely in English. The council conducts its debates in English because there are always a few members who can“t manage Gaelic. What steps the council has takenchanging all the name signs for towns and villages to Gaelic spelling, for exampleoften seem to run into obstacles. “Barvas“ ma
21、y be “Barabhas“ on the new sign, but it“s still Barvas on every available map. Envious eyes are cast southward to the United Kingdom“s other Celtic state-within-a-state, Wales. The Welsh, with hundreds of thousands of native speakers, have their own TV channel. Some Highlanders and Islanders believe
22、 more Gaelic TV, beyond the few programs now broadcast, would be just the tonic needed to give the language credibility among the young. All Scots are familiar with scraps of Gaelic. Some words and phrases have passed into Scottish English, like slainte-mhath, a drinking toast, and ceilidh, a Highla
23、nd-style evening of music, dance and drink. Besides, virtually every hill, mountain, river and loch north of the Central Belt has a Gaelic name. Translating these wild-sounding, hard-to-pronounce names into English can make the ancient Gaels less remote to us: They did no more to make themselves fee
24、l at home than the early American settlers who christened Little Rock and Salt Lake City. Beinn Dearg, for instance, means Red Mountain; Drumochter, where the main road between Perth and Inverness crosses a high pass, should really be Druimuachdair, meaning Summit Ridge; Loch an Eilean is Island Loc
25、h. But as far as global English is concerned, Gaelic has contributed just one common word by which it can be remembered, particularly in the advertising agencies and campaign offices of the world: “slogan,“ originally sluagh ghairm, the war cry of the Highland clans.（分数：9.00）(1).Gaelic tongue is use
26、d instead of English when _.（分数：3.00）A.conducting debatesB.writing poemsC.having political meetingsD.doing business(2).In order to increase the Gaelic speaking population, what measure has the council taken?（分数：3.00）A.Spelling towns and village signs in Gaelic.B.Broadcasting TV programs in the regio
27、n.C.Ordering kids to speak it in the kindergarten.D.Forcing people to speak it in the nightclub.(3).Which of the following statements is NOT true, according to the passage?（分数：3.00）A.Only one word “slogan“ successfully became one member of English.B.Gaelic is not spoken by large population due to it
28、s hard pronunciation.C.The government must teach the young to speak Gaelic to gain more speakers.D.Gaelic is a dead language and no one wants to take efforts to learn it.An outstanding example of social conditioning to accept change, even when it is recognized as unwelcome change by the large popula
29、tion group in the sights of Stanford Research Institute, was the “advent“ of the BEATLES. The Beatles were brought to the United States as part of a social experiment which would subject large population groups to brainwashing of which they were not even aware. When Tavistock brought the Beatles to
30、the United States nobody could have imagined the cultural disaster that was to follow in their wake. The Beatles were an integral part of “THE AQUARIAN CONSPIRACY“, a living organism which sprang from “THE CHANGING IMAGES OF MAN“, policy report prepared by SRI Center for the study of Social Policy,
31、Director, Professor Willis Harmon. The phenomenon of the Beatles was not a spontaneous rebellion by youth against the old social system. Instead it was a carefully crafted plot to introduce by a conspiratorial body which could not be identified, a highly destructive and divisive element into a large
32、 population group targeted for change against its will. New words and new phrasesprepared by Tavistockwere introduced to America along with the Beatles. Words such as “rock“ in relation to music sounds, “teenager“, “cool“, “discovered“ and “pop music“ were a lexicon of disguised code words signifyin
33、g the acceptance of drugs and arrived with and accompanied the Beatles wherever they went, to be “discovered“ by “teenagers.“ Incidentally, the word “teenagers“ was never used until just before the Beatles arrived on the scene, courtesy of the Tavistock Institute for Human Relations. As in the case
34、of gang wars, nothing could or would have been accomplished without the cooperation of the media, especially the electronic media and, in particular, the scurrilous Ed Sullivan who had been coached by the conspirators as to the role he was to play. Nobody would have paid much attention to the motley
35、 crew from Liverpool and the 12-atonal system of “music“ that was to follow had it not been for an overabundance of press exposure. The 12-atonal system consisted of heavy, repetitive sounds, taken from the music of the cult of Dionysus and the Baal priesthood by Adorno and given a “modern“ flavor b
36、y this special friend of the Queen of England and hence the Committee of 300. Tavistock and its Stanford Research Center created trigger words which then came into general usage around “rock music“ and its fans. Trigger words created a distinct new break-away largely young population group which was
37、 persuaded by social engineering and conditioning to believe that the Beatles really were their favorite group. All trigger words devised in the context of “rock music“ were designed for mass control of the new targeted group, the youth of America. The Beatles did a perfect job, or perhaps it would
38、be more correct to say that Tavistock and Stanford did a perfect job, the Beatles merely reacting like trained robots “with a little help from their friends“code words for using drugs and making it “cool.“ The Beatles became a highly visible “new type“more Tavistock jargonand as such it was not long
39、 before the group made new styles (fads in clothing, hairstyles and language usage) which upset the older generation, as was intended. This was part of the “fragmentation-mal-adaptation“ process worked out by Willis Harmon and his team of social scientists and genetic engineering tinkerers and put i
40、nto action. The role of the print and electronic media in our society is crucial to the success of brainwashing large population groups. Gang wars ended in Los Angeles in 1966 as the media withdrew its coverage. The same thing will happen with the current wave of gang wars in Los Angeles. Street gan
41、gs will wither on the vine once media saturation coverage is toned down and then completely withdrawn. As in 1966, the issue would become “burned out.“ Street gangs will have served their purpose of creating turbulence and insecurity. Exactly the same pattern will be followed in the case of “rock“ m
42、usic. Deprived of media attention, it will eventually take its place in history.（分数：12.00）(1).The word “scurrilous“ in the fourth paragraph is closest in meaning to _.（分数：3.00）A.humiliatingB.humanisticC.hierarchicalD.hypercritical(2).According to the passage, which of the following statements is INC
43、ORRECT?（分数：3.00）A.The Beatles brought by Tavistock was first called “cultural disaster“.B.The older generation is for the coming of new expressions and new styles.C.The role of the print and media can not be neglected in the campaign.D.The targeted new population group for Beatles was the youth of A
44、merica.(3).The following are all the contributions to the being of Beatles EXCEPT _.（分数：3.00）A.teenagers in new stylesB.Tavistock and his SRIC.Willis Harmon and his teamD.gang wars in the street(4).What is the writing purpose of the author?（分数：3.00）A.Warning.B.Questioning.C.Informing.D.Criticizing.S
45、omething about Naples just seems made for comedy. The name alone conjures up pizza, and lovable, incorrigible innocents warbling “O Sole Mio“; a nutty little corner of the world where the id runs wild and the only answer to the question “Why?“ appears to be “Why not?“ Naples: the butter-side-down of
46、 Italian cities, where even the truth has a strangely fictitious tinge. One day a car rear-ended one of the city“s minibuses. The bus driver got out to investigate. While he stood there talking, his only passenger took the wheel and drove off. Neither passenger nor bus was ever seen again. Then ther
47、e was that busy lunch hour in the central post office when a crack in the ceiling opened and postal workers were overwhelmed by an avalanche of stale croissants. As the cleaners hauled away garbage bags of moldy breakfast rolls, the questions remained: Who? Why? And what else could still be up there
48、? But Naples actually isn“t so funny. Italy“s third largest city, with 1.1 million people, has a much darker side, where chaos reigns: bag snatching and mugging, clogged streets of stupefying confusion, where traffic moves to mysterious laws of its own through multiple intersections whose traffic li
49、ghts haven“t functioned for months, maybe yearsif they have lights at all. Packs of wild dogs roam the city“s main park. Nineteen policemen on the anti-narcotics squad are arrested for accepting payoffs from the Camorra, the local Mafia. To many Italians, particularly those in the wealthy, industrialized north, none of this is surprising. To them Naples means political corruption, wasted federal subsidies, rampant organized crime, appallingly large families, and cunning, lazy people who prefer to do something shady rather than honest work Neapolitans know
