1、专业八级-451 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、TRANSLATION(总题数：5，分数：100.00)1.Under the law of competition, the employer of thousands is forced into the strictest economies, among which the rates paid to labor figure prominently. The price which society pays for the law, like the price it pays for cheap comfo
2、rts and luxuries, is great, but the advantages of this law are also greater than its costfor it is to this law that we own our wonderful material development, which brings improved conditions in its train. But, whether the law be benign or not, we cannot evade it; or the effect of any new substitute
3、s for it proposed we can not be sure; and while the law may be sometimes hard for the individual, it is best for the race, because it insures the survival of the fittest in every department. We accept and welcome, therefore, as conditions to which we must accommodate ourselves, great inequality of e
4、nvironment ; the concentration of business, industrial and commercial, in the hands of a few; and the law of competition between these, as being not only beneficial, but essential to the future progress of the race. （分数：20.00）_2.The dangers of scofflawry vary wildly. The person who illegally spits o
5、n the sidewalk remains disgusting, but clearly poses less risk to others than the company that illegally buries hazardous chemical waste in an unauthorized location. The fare beater on the subway presents less threat of life than the landlord who ignores fire safety statutes. The most immediately an
6、d measurable dangerous scofflawry, however, also happens to be the most visible. The culprit is the American driver, whose lawless activities today add up to a colossal public nuisance. The hazards range from routine double parking that jams city streets to the drunk driving that kills thousands of
7、people yearly. Red-light running has always been ranked as a minor wrong, and so it may be in individual instances. When the violation becomes habitual, widespread and incessant, however, a great deal more than a traffic management problem is involved. The violation of basic rules of the road leaves
8、 deep dents in the social mood. （分数：20.00）_3.To be able to fill leisure intelligently is the last product of civilization, and at present very few people have reached this level. Moreover, the exercise of choice is in itself tiresome. Except to people with unusual initiative it is positively agreeab
9、le to be told what to do at each hour of the day, provided the orders are not too unpleasant. Most of the idle rich suffer unspeakable boredom as the price of their freedom from hard work. At times, they may find relief by hunting big game in Africa, or by flying round the world, but the number of s
10、uch sensations is limited, especially after youth is past. Accordingly the more intelligent rich men work nearly as hard as if they were poor, while rich women for the most part keep themselves busy with innumerable trifles, of whose earthshaking importance they are firmly persuaded. （分数：20.00）_4.Ne
11、eds are limited, but not greed. Science has developed no cure for envy, so our wealth boosts our happiness only briefly while shrinking that of our neighbors. Thus the outlook for the future is gloomy in Easterlin“s view. “The future, then, to which the epoch of modern economic growth is leading, is
12、 one of never ending economic growth, a world in which ever growing abundance is matched by ever rising aspirations, a world in which cultural difference is leveled in the constant race to achieve the good life of material plenty, a world which is founded on belief in science and the power of ration
13、al inquiry and in the ultimate capacity of humanity to shape its own destiny. The irony is that in this last respect the lesson of history appears to be otherwise: that there is no choice. In the end, the triumph of economic growth is not a triumph of humanity over material wants; rather, it is the
14、triumph of material wants over humanity.“ （分数：20.00）_5.Winners do not dedicate their lives to a concept of what they imagine they should be; rather, they are themselves and as such do not use their energy putting on a performance, maintaining pretence and manipulating others. They are aware that the
15、re is a difference between being loving and acting loving, between being stupid and acting stupid, between being knowledgeable and acting knowledgeable. Winners do not need to hide behind a mask. Winners are not afraid to do their own thinking and to use their own knowledge. They can separate facts
16、from opinions and don“t pretend to have all the answers. They listen to others, evaluate what they say, but come to their own conclusions. Although winners can admire and respect other people, they are not totally defined, demolished, bound, or awed by them. Winners do not play “helpless“, nor do th
17、ey play the blaming game. Instead, they assume responsibility for their own lives. （分数：20.00）_专业八级-451 答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、TRANSLATION(总题数：5，分数：100.00)1.Under the law of competition, the employer of thousands is forced into the strictest economies, among which the rates paid to labor figure
18、prominently. The price which society pays for the law, like the price it pays for cheap comforts and luxuries, is great, but the advantages of this law are also greater than its costfor it is to this law that we own our wonderful material development, which brings improved conditions in its train. B
19、ut, whether the law be benign or not, we cannot evade it; or the effect of any new substitutes for it proposed we can not be sure; and while the law may be sometimes hard for the individual, it is best for the race, because it insures the survival of the fittest in every department. We accept and we
20、lcome, therefore, as conditions to which we must accommodate ourselves, great inequality of environment ; the concentration of business, industrial and commercial, in the hands of a few; and the law of competition between these, as being not only beneficial, but essential to the future progress of t
21、he race. （分数：20.00）_正确答案：()解析：在竞争的法则下，上万人的雇主不得不实行一些最严厉的节约措施，其中节约给工人报酬的那部分占很大一部分。社会为这个法则付出的代价如同为低廉的舒适条件和奢侈品付出的代价一样是巨大的，但带来的好处超过了代价，因为正是这个法则，我们才有了了不起的物质进步，其结果是生活水平的提高。但是，不管这个法则是好是坏，我们无法回避，对任何建议替代它的新东西，其作用我们是不敢肯定的。虽然这个法则有时对个人来说可能很残酷，但对人类来说是好的，因为它确保每个领域里适者生存。我们接受并欢迎环境上的不平等，接受并欢迎让工商业经营集中在少数人的手里，接受和欢迎他们之间
22、存在竞争的法则，我们把所有这一切看成是我们必须适应的条件，看成对人类未来的进步不仅有益，而且是很有必要的。 解析 (1)第一句中，the law of competition 译为“竞争法则”。the strictest economies其中的 economies意为“节约；经济”，在此处就需要根据汉语表达习惯，进行适当的调整，可译为“节约措施”，对句意进行补充。句中 paid为过去分词形式，并不是谓语动词。paid to labor其实是作后置定语修饰 the rates，而 figure是动词，理解为“占重要位置”，在从句中作 rates的谓语动词，所以最后一个分句译为“节约给工人报酬的
23、那部分占很大一部分”。 (2)第二句中，cheap comforts 中 comforts意为“舒适；安慰”，但直接放在句中，句子表达不完整，所以要进行增词处理，根据句意，可译为“舒适条件”。 (3)第三句中，race 意思是“种族，人种”，但结合上下文，此处指代的是“人类”。不能进行简单的直译。the survival of the fittest 译为“适者生存”。department 根据语境，译为“领域”。 (4)第四句中，翻译难点在于句子的理解。该句句式较为复杂，包含多个分句和从句，需要理清句子结构以及其中的逻辑关系。as conditions to which we must ac
24、commodate ourselves 中，as 引导的伴随状语和该句最后 as being not only beneficial，but essential to the future progress of the race句子结构相似，可以进行合译，使句子结构清晰，译文便于理解。2.The dangers of scofflawry vary wildly. The person who illegally spits on the sidewalk remains disgusting, but clearly poses less risk to others than the c
25、ompany that illegally buries hazardous chemical waste in an unauthorized location. The fare beater on the subway presents less threat of life than the landlord who ignores fire safety statutes. The most immediately and measurable dangerous scofflawry, however, also happens to be the most visible. Th
26、e culprit is the American driver, whose lawless activities today add up to a colossal public nuisance. The hazards range from routine double parking that jams city streets to the drunk driving that kills thousands of people yearly. Red-light running has always been ranked as a minor wrong, and so it
27、 may be in individual instances. When the violation becomes habitual, widespread and incessant, however, a great deal more than a traffic management problem is involved. The violation of basic rules of the road leaves deep dents in the social mood. （分数：20.00）_正确答案：()解析：玩忽法律的行为，其危害是多种多样的。在人行道上随地吐痰，当然
28、是令人讨厌的。但比起那些大工厂在非规定的地方随意埋置危险化学废料的违法行为，它对人的危害性要小得多。乘地铁逃票当然没有像房东无视防火安全规定那样会危及人的生命安全。然而，正是那些极常见的玩忽法律的行为，造成的危害最直接，最严重了。罪魁祸首要算那些无法无天驾驶汽车的美国人，他们的所作所为构成了巨大的公害。从在马路上并排停两辆汽车，造成交通阻塞到酒后驾车，致使每年车祸死亡成千上万人。闯红灯常常被列勾小错，因而可能只是个别情况。然而一旦人们形成习惯，成为普遍经常性的东西则问题远非是交通管理而已。违反交通规则给社会心理状态打开了一道深深的缺口。 解析 (1)第一句中，scofflawry 是指“藐视法
29、律的行为”，所以为了表达清晰，在翻译时需要进行适当的增词处理。 (2)第三句中，The fare beater 译为“逃票的人”。fire safety statutes 译为“防火安全规定”。 (3)第四句中，measurable 意思有“可测量的；重要的，重大的”，结合语境，此处应译为“严重的”，更加符合句意。该句在翻译时，语序进行了调整。危害的直接性和严重性后置，防止译文头重脚轻。 (4)第五句中，culprit 意为“罪魁祸首”。Lawless 意思是“非法的，无法律的”，该处形容的是人，所以应译为“无法无天的”。public nuisance 译为“公害”。 (5)倒数第三句中 Re
30、d-light running译为“闯红灯”。in individual instances 译为“个别情况”。 (6)倒数第二句在翻译时要注意词性的转换。habitual、widespread 和 incessant均为形容词，但翻译时要懂得变通，直译反而不符合中文说法，根据上下文，可译为“人们形成习惯，成为普遍经常性的东西”。3.To be able to fill leisure intelligently is the last product of civilization, and at present very few people have reached this level
31、. Moreover, the exercise of choice is in itself tiresome. Except to people with unusual initiative it is positively agreeable to be told what to do at each hour of the day, provided the orders are not too unpleasant. Most of the idle rich suffer unspeakable boredom as the price of their freedom from
32、 hard work. At times, they may find relief by hunting big game in Africa, or by flying round the world, but the number of such sensations is limited, especially after youth is past. Accordingly the more intelligent rich men work nearly as hard as if they were poor, while rich women for the most part
33、 keep themselves busy with innumerable trifles, of whose earthshaking importance they are firmly persuaded. （分数：20.00）_正确答案：()解析：明智地利用空闲时间是文明社会生存的最难得的事情，目前没有多少人达到了这一水平。另外，选择这件事本身也是够麻烦的。除了那些具有非凡主动性的人，大多数人都会乐意听从别人对他每个小时的工作安排，条件是工作不是太不合人意。大多数无所事事的富人免受艰辛劳作之苦，但是作为代价，他们遭受到难以形容的烦闷。有时候，他们去非洲猎捕猛兽，或乘飞机周游世界，以此
34、来排解苦闷。但是能获得这种美好感受的次数有限，青春不再之后更是如此。因而，那些比较明智的富翁仍会努力工作，仿佛他们仍是穷人；而富婆们则大多忙于无数的琐碎小事，她们深信这些小事有着极其重要的意义。 解析 (1)原文第一句中，根据后半句话可知，目前很少有人达到这个境界，故将“the last product”译为“最难得的事情”比较贴近原意。 (2)第三句中，根据上下文，通过添加主语“大多数人”将被动语态“positively agreeable to be told.”译为主动语态“大多数人都会乐意听从”。provided(that)意为“只要，条件是”。 (3)第四句中，按照汉语先叙因后叙果的
35、特点，可以先将“freedom from hard work”意为“免于艰辛劳作”，as the price of 意为“作为的代价”，承接后面的结果。 (4)倒数第二句中，汉语中表示时间、地点和方式的状语往往前置，在翻译时需要调整到句子前部。比如in Africa在原文中位于句末，翻译时则前置，译为“他们去非洲猎捕猛兽”。sensation 原意为“感觉，感受”，此处应结合句意，适当补充动词，故译为“获得这种美好感受”。 (5)最后一句中，将形容词 poor转译为名词“穷人”，是为了符合译文在表达上的需求。“keep themselves busy with.”中的反身代词可以省略不译。被动
36、语态“they are firmly persuaded”可以译为主动语态，同时名词 importance可转译为动词，表示“具有重要的意义”。故译为“她们深信这些小事有着极其重要的意义”。4.Needs are limited, but not greed. Science has developed no cure for envy, so our wealth boosts our happiness only briefly while shrinking that of our neighbors. Thus the outlook for the future is gloomy
37、in Easterlin“s view. “The future, then, to which the epoch of modern economic growth is leading, is one of never ending economic growth, a world in which ever growing abundance is matched by ever rising aspirations, a world in which cultural difference is leveled in the constant race to achieve the
38、good life of material plenty, a world which is founded on belief in science and the power of rational inquiry and in the ultimate capacity of humanity to shape its own destiny. The irony is that in this last respect the lesson of history appears to be otherwise: that there is no choice. In the end,
39、the triumph of economic growth is not a triumph of humanity over material wants; rather, it is the triumph of material wants over humanity.“ （分数：20.00）_正确答案：()解析：需求是有极限的，而贪欲却永无止境。科学再进步也尚未研制出治疗嫉妒的良药，因此只有当我们的财富让邻居相形见绌的时候，我们才会感到片刻的幸福。所以在伊斯特林看来，未来的前景不容乐观：“当今经济发展的趋势告诉我们，未来经济会不断发展、永不停歇，未来世界会是一个财富不断增长而欲望节节
40、上升的世界；一个为达到富裕不断角逐而导致文化差异尽失的世界；一个建立在信仰科学和理性探索的基础之上并相信人类最终有能力塑造自己命运的世界。具有讽刺意味的是，在最后一点上，历史的经验教训似乎告诉我们，事物的发展并非如此：人类别无选择，并不能掌握自己的命运。最后，经济发展的结果不是人性战胜物欲，而是物欲战胜人性。” 解析 (1)第二句中，原句中的“while shrinking.”为隐含条件，在翻译时需根据汉语的表达习惯适当调整语序，此处应将隐含条件置前翻译，故可译作“因此只有当我们的财富让邻居相形见绌的时候，我们才会感到片刻的幸福”。 (2)第四句结构较为复杂，抽象名词使用较多。将译文处理为“当
41、今经济发展的趋势告诉我们，未来经济会不断发展、永不停歇”符合汉语多用动词以及四字短语的语言习惯。在英译汉的过程中，有时会将被动语态译为主动语态，目的是为了使原文语义在译文中得到了充分的表达，故将“cultural difference is leveled”译为“文化差异尽失”。三个“a world in which.”形成排比结构，在译文中同样也得到了体现。 (3)第五句中形容词 otherwise在原句中作表语，译为“并非如此”，在本文中表示人们没有机会选择自己的命运。译文在原文的基础上增译了“并不能掌握自己的命运”，目的是为了使译文在内容上更加连贯，与前文形成呼应。5.Winners d
42、o not dedicate their lives to a concept of what they imagine they should be; rather, they are themselves and as such do not use their energy putting on a performance, maintaining pretence and manipulating others. They are aware that there is a difference between being loving and acting loving, betwe
43、en being stupid and acting stupid, between being knowledgeable and acting knowledgeable. Winners do not need to hide behind a mask. Winners are not afraid to do their own thinking and to use their own knowledge. They can separate facts from opinions and don“t pretend to have all the answers. They li
44、sten to others, evaluate what they say, but come to their own conclusions. Although winners can admire and respect other people, they are not totally defined, demolished, bound, or awed by them. Winners do not play “helpless“, nor do they play the blaming game. Instead, they assume responsibility fo
45、r their own lives. （分数：20.00）_正确答案：()解析：胜者不会把自己的生命致力于想象中的自己应该成为的形象；相反，他们会保持自我本色。因此，他们不会耗费精力来装腔作势，矫揉造作地生活，甚至操纵利用他人。他们深知关爱他人和装作关爱他人的不同，懂得愚顽不化和大智若愚的区别，清楚学识渊博和貌似才高的差异。胜者无须带着面具生活。 胜者无惧于运用自己的知识进行独立思考。他们能够认清事实，分析舆论，明辨是非，但不会装作无所不晓。他们倾听他人的见解，衡量判断他人的言论，最终得出自己的意见。虽然胜者也会钦佩、敬重他人，但他们不会受制于他人，惧悚于他人，为他人所束缚，或被他人所击垮。
46、胜者绝不耍弄“凄惨无助”之把戏，也不玩弄委过于人之游戏。相反，他们会肩负起人生的责任。 解析 (1)第一段第一句为一个复合型的长句子，在翻译时要注意句子的拆分和重组。dedicate their lives to是“为奉献他们的生命”put on a performance 即“演戏”，maintain pretence 译为“继续伪装下去”。 (2)第一段第二句中，between 后接三个结构相同的句子，翻译时要尽量与原文的结构和风格保持一致。“being stupid”译为顽固不化，“acting stupid”译为大智若愚。要注意对深层意思的理解。其中“act”译为“假装”。 (3)第二段第一句中，do their own thinking 可译为“独立思考”。 (4)第二段第二句中，pretend to have all the answers 译为“假装无所不知”。 (5)第四句中，使用动词较多，其中 define译为“限制”，demolish 译为“打垮”，bind 译为“束缚”，awe译为“敬畏”。 (6)最后一段中，assume responsibility for 为固定搭配，意为“承担责任”。
