1、专业八级-424 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)1._ is the study of meaning.（分数：2.00）A.SemanticsB.SyntaxC.PragmaticsD.Morphology2.The ancient scholar Plato proposed _.（分数：2.00）A.the semantic triangleB.the naming theoryC.the conceptualist viewD.the componential analysis3.Which of the following is the concern of
2、“reference“?（分数：2.00）A.It is concerned with the inherent meaning of a linguistic form.B.It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.C.It is the study of what a linguistic form refers to in the real physical world,D.It is the aspect of meaning dictionary compliers are interested i
3、n.4.“Flat“ and “apartment“ are _.（分数：2.00）A.dialectal synonymsB.stylistic synonymsC.collocational synonymsD.semantically different synonyms5.Which of the following are collocational synonyms?（分数：2.00）A.“lorry“ and “truck“B.“start“ and “commence“C.“rotten“ and “addled“D.“amaze“ and “astound“6.“Bow“ (
4、v.) and “bow“ (n.) are _.（分数：2.00）A.homophonesB.homographsC.complete homonymsD.partial homonyms7.X: John“s bike needs repairing. Y: John has a bike. The relationship of X and Y is _.（分数：2.00）A.synonymousB.inconsistentC.X entailing YD.X presupposing Y8.According to the componential analysis, the word
5、s “boy“ and “man“ differ in the feature of _.（分数：2.00）A.HUMANB.ANIMATEC.MALED.ADULT9.According to predication analysis, the predications of “Tom hates soup.“ and “It is cool.“ are respectively _ and _.（分数：2.00）A.no-place predication, two-place predicationB.two-place predication, one-place predicatio
6、nC.two-place predication, no-place predicationD.no-place predication, one-place predication10.Cold and hot are called _ antonyms.（分数：2.00）A.gradableB.complementaryC.reversalD.converseness11.The word “gasoline“ and “petrol“ are（分数：2.00）A.synonyms differing in emotive meaning.B.dialectal synonyms.C.sy
7、nonyms differing in style.D.collocationally-restricted synonyms.12.Male/female, married/single and alive/dead are examples of（分数：2.00）A.complementarity.B.gradability.C.synonymy.D.relational opposites.13._ refers to an approach adopted by structural semanticists in describing the meaning of words and
8、 phrases.（分数：2.00）A.Predication analysisB.Immediate constituent analysisC.Componential analysisD.Syntax14.The semantic relation of rose and flower is called（分数：2.00）A.hyponymy.B.synonymy.C.polysemy.D.homonymy.15._ is not a pair of contrary antonyms.（分数：2.00）A.wild, tameB.nimble, lameC.cold, warmD.al
9、ive, dead16.The relationship between “meat“ and “meet“ is _（分数：2.00）A.synonymy.B.antonymy.C.polysemy.D.homonymy.17.When the word “root“ means “part of plant that keeps it firmly in the soil and absorbs water and food from the soil“, the meaning is _ meaning.（分数：2.00）A.connotativeB.conceptualC.reflec
10、tedD.collective18.Which of the following is NOT included in G. Leech“s seven types of meaning?（分数：2.00）A.Connotative meaning.B.Denotative meaning.C.Conceptual meaning.D.Reflected meaning19.Which of the following are gradable antonyms?（分数：2.00）A.good and badB.male and femaleC.young and oldD.buy and s
11、ell20.Conceptual meaning is not _.（分数：2.00）A.affectiveB.cognitiveC.logicD.denotative21.Speech Act theory was originated with _.（分数：2.00）A.SaussureB.BloomfieldC.AustinD.Firth22.According to Austin, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking except _.（分数：2.00）A.locutionary a
12、ctB.illocutionary actC.perlocutionary actD.imperlocutionary act23.“You have left the window wide open.“ Which of the following is the illocutionary act performed by the speaker?（分数：2.00）A.The speaker intends to ask someone to close the window or make a complaint.B.The hearer closes the window.C.The
13、speaker intends to express what the words literally mean.D.None of the above.24.Which of the following is the typical case of commissives?（分数：2.00）A.Believing.B.Ordering.C.Promising.D.Congratulating.25.How many maxims are under Grice“s CP?（分数：2.00）A.Two.B.Three.C.Four.D.Five.26.A: What do you think
14、of James? B: A fine day, isn“t it? In the dialogue, B“s answer flouts which of the four maxims of CP?（分数：2.00）A.The maxim of quality.B.The maxim of quantity.C.The maxim of mariner.D.The maxim of relation.27.What essentially distinguishes Semantics and Pragmatics is the notion of _.（分数：2.00）A.referen
15、ceB.meaningC.antonymyD.context28._ is the act performed in saying something; it is an expression of the speaker“s intention.（分数：2.00）A.Illocutionary actB.Locutionary actC.Perlocutionary actD.Speech act29.According to the conversation maxim of _ suggested by Grice, one should speak truthfully.（分数：2.0
16、0）A.quantityB.qualityC.relevanceD.manner30.Among the four maxims introduced by Grice, which one means that in conversation we should be as informative as required?（分数：2.00）A.Relation Maxim.B.Quantity Maxim.C.Quality Maxim.D.Manner Maxim.31.The new words such as “police officer“, “chairperson“ are cr
17、eated because _.（分数：2.00）A.science and technology are developing rapidlyB.computer and internet technology are more and more popularC.women have taken up activities formerly reserved for menD.the children can remember them as quickly as possible32.As science and technology develops, the word “planet
18、-friendly“ is coined in the _ domain.（分数：2.00）A.space travelB.computer and interact languageC.ecologyD.IT33.A special language variety that mixes languages and is used by speakers of different languages for purpose of trading is called _.（分数：2.00）A.dialectB.idiolectC.pidginD.register34.Which of the
19、following does NOT fall into dialectal varieties?（分数：2.00）A.Regional dialects.B.Sociolects.C.Registers.D.Idiolects.35.Standard dialect is _.（分数：2.00）A.designated as the official or national language of a countryB.a dialect a child acquired naturally like his regional dialectC.used by people who spea
20、k different languages for restricted purpose.D.used by people who belong to the higher social status36._ is a situation where two varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the community, with each having a definite role to play.（分数：2.00）A.BilingualismB.DiglossiaC.BilateralityD.Diglot37.W
21、hich of the following statements is NOT the concern of sociolinguists?（分数：2.00）A.The language a person uses reveals his social background.B.There exist social norms that determine the type of language to be used on a certain occasion.C.How does the human mind work when people use language.D.To inves
22、tigate the social aspects of language.38._ refers to the identical part of culture between two societies owing to some similarities in the natural environment and psychology of human beings.（分数：2.00）A.Cultural overlapB.Cultural imperialismC.Cultural diffusionD.Cultural expansion39.Through communicat
23、ion, some elements of one culture may enter another culture and become part of that culture. This phenomenon is called _.（分数：2.00）A.cultural overlapB.cultural imperialismC.cultural diffusionD.cultural expansion40.The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is about _.（分数：2.00）A.language and cultureB.language and soc
24、ietyC.language acquisitionD.language and thought41.In general, language acquisition refers to children“s development of their _.（分数：2.00）A.first languageB.second languageC.foreign languageD.dialectal language42._ holds that children are born with an innate mechanism that allows them to acquire langu
25、age.（分数：2.00）A.The behaviorist viewB.The innatist viewC.The naming theoryD.The contextualism43.In first language acquisition, imitation plays _.（分数：2.00）A.a basic roleB.a significant roleC.a minor roleD.no role44.The type of modified speech typically addressed to young children can be called _.（分数：2
26、.00）A.caretaker speechB.babytalkC.motherese or parenteseD.all the above45._ is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings.（分数：2.00）A.AcquisitionB.LearningC.StudyingD.Acquirement46._ is more commonly known as L1 interference.（分数：2
27、.00）A.Positive transferB.FossilizationC.Negative transferD.Interlanguage47._ is believed to be a major source of incorrect forms resistant to further instruction.（分数：2.00）A.The second language learners“ unwillingness to learnB.The poor classroom teachingC.The fossilization of the learners“ inter lan
28、guageD.The learner“s lack of instrumental motivation48.The process in which a L2 learner adapts himself/herself to the culture and value system of the L2 community is called _.（分数：2.00）A.fossilizationB.acculturationC.culture transmissionD.displacement49.The language produced by second language learn
29、ers is technically called（分数：2.00）A.interlanguage.B.foreign language.C.first language.D.second language.50.When people learn a foreign language for external goals such as passing exams, financial rewards or furthering a career, we say they learn a foreign language with a(n)（分数：2.00）A.intrinsic motiv
30、ation.B.resultative motivation.C.integrative motivation.D.instrumental motivation.专业八级-424 答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)1._ is the study of meaning.（分数：2.00）A.Semantics B.SyntaxC.PragmaticsD.Morphology解析：解析 语义学就是对意义的研究。2.The ancient scholar Plato proposed _.（分数：2.00）A.the semantic triangleB.the naming
31、theory C.the conceptualist viewD.the componential analysis解析：解析 关于意义最原始的观点之一就是命名论，由柏拉图提出，认为词语只不过是其所代表的事物的名字或标记，其局限性显而易见。3.Which of the following is the concern of “reference“?（分数：2.00）A.It is concerned with the inherent meaning of a linguistic form.B.It is the collection of all the features of the l
32、inguistic form.C.It is the study of what a linguistic form refers to in the real physical world, D.It is the aspect of meaning dictionary compliers are interested in.解析：解析 sense 和 reference同属于 meaning的两个方面。sense 是关于语言形式的内部意义。reference的解释，指一种语言形式在现实世界中所指代的事物。4.“Flat“ and “apartment“ are _.（分数：2.00）A.
33、dialectal synonyms B.stylistic synonymsC.collocational synonymsD.semantically different synonyms解析：解析 方言同义词指用于不同的地区方言中而意义大致相同的词，flat 用于英国英语，apartment用于美国英语，故属此类。5.Which of the following are collocational synonyms?（分数：2.00）A.“lorry“ and “truck“B.“start“ and “commence“C.“rotten“ and “addled“ D.“amaze“
34、 and “astound“解析：解析 C 项两词用于搭配不同种类的事物，描述变质，rotten tomatoes, addled eggs, 此外还有 rancid bacon/butter, sour milk属于搭配同义词。6.“Bow“ (v.) and “bow“ (n.) are _.（分数：2.00）A.homophonesB.homographs C.complete homonymsD.partial homonyms解析：解析 比较“bow” (v.) and “bow”发音不同，(是 homographs(同形异义词)；比较 piece和peace homophones，
35、拼写不同，是 homophones(同音异义词)。7.X: John“s bike needs repairing. Y: John has a bike. The relationship of X and Y is _.（分数：2.00）A.synonymousB.inconsistentC.X entailing YD.X presupposing Y 解析：解析 “John 的自行车需要修理”的前提是“他有自行车”，两句是预设、前提关系。8.According to the componential analysis, the words “boy“ and “man“ differ
36、in the feature of _.（分数：2.00）A.HUMANB.ANIMATEC.MALED.ADULT 解析：解析 男孩和男人的主要区别是男孩是孩子，男人是成人。他们都是“人，有生命的，男性”。9.According to predication analysis, the predications of “Tom hates soup.“ and “It is cool.“ are respectively _ and _.（分数：2.00）A.no-place predication, two-place predicationB.two-place predication,
37、 one-place predicationC.two-place predication, no-place predication D.no-place predication, one-place predication解析：解析 根据述谓结构中的变元(argument)数量，述谓结构可分为双位述谓结构(含两个变元)、单位述谓结构(含一个变元)和空位述谓结构(不含变元)。Tom hates soup 中有两个名词性成分 Tom和soup，为该结构的逻辑参与者，为双位述谓结构；It is cool 中包含非人称代词 it不能看作是一个变元，故为空位述谓结构。10.Cold and hot
38、are called _ antonyms.（分数：2.00）A.gradable B.complementaryC.reversalD.converseness解析：解析 判断冷热没有绝对的标准，只能是程度上有差别，因此选 A。11.The word “gasoline“ and “petrol“ are（分数：2.00）A.synonyms differing in emotive meaning.B.dialectal synonyms. C.synonyms differing in style.D.collocationally-restricted synonyms.解析：解析 方
39、言同义词(Dialectal synonyms)是指意义大致相同但有方言差异的词。美国人习惯用“gasoline”表示汽油，而“petrol”是英国人的惯用表达，这是由于地域差异所造成的。故答案为 B项。12.Male/female, married/single and alive/dead are examples of（分数：2.00）A.complementarity. B.gradability.C.synonymy.D.relational opposites.解析：解析 互补关系是反义关系(antonymy)中的一种，它反映了一对词语之间绝对的对立关系，非此即彼。13._ ref
40、ers to an approach adopted by structural semanticists in describing the meaning of words and phrases.（分数：2.00）A.Predication analysisB.Immediate constituent analysisC.Componential analysis D.Syntax解析：解析 义素分析(Componential analysis)是结构语义学家用来描述词和短语的意义的一种方法。14.The semantic relation of rose and flower is
41、called（分数：2.00）A.hyponymy. B.synonymy.C.polysemy.D.homonymy.解析：解析 rose 是 flower的一种，它们属于 hyponymy(上下义关系)，指一个词的意义包含在另一个词义中。15._ is not a pair of contrary antonyms.（分数：2.00）A.wild, tameB.nimble, lameC.cold, warmD.alive, dead 解析：解析 contradictory antonyms(对立反义词)与 contrary antonyms(相对反义词)的一个区别在于：在前者中，对一方的
42、否定必然表示对另一方的肯定(如非生即死)；而后者中，对一方的否定并不代表对另一方的肯定(如不好不代表一定是坏的)16.The relationship between “meat“ and “meet“ is _（分数：2.00）A.synonymy.B.antonymy.C.polysemy.D.homonymy. 解析：解析 Homonymy(同音异义)是指具有相同的发音但意义不同的词语。“meat”和“meet”发音相同，但意义不同，所以是同音异义词。17.When the word “root“ means “part of plant that keeps it firmly in
43、the soil and absorbs water and food from the soil“, the meaning is _ meaning.（分数：2.00）A.connotativeB.conceptual C.reflectedD.collective解析：解析 概念意义指逻辑的、认知的、外延的内容，题中对“root”的解释正是此项。18.Which of the following is NOT included in G. Leech“s seven types of meaning?（分数：2.00）A.Connotative meaning.B.Denotative
44、meaning. C.Conceptual meaning.D.Reflected meaning解析：解析 利奇提出的 7种意义分别为概念意义(conceptual meaning)，内涵意义(connotative meaning)，社会意义(social meaning)，感情意义(affective meaning)，反射意义(reflected meaning)，搭配意义(collocative meaning)和主题意义(thematic meaning)。19.Which of the following are gradable antonyms?（分数：2.00）A.good
45、 and bad B.male and femaleC.young and oldD.buy and sell解析：解析 等级反义词是分等级的，对一方的否定并不一定是对另一方的肯定。说一个事物不好，并不一定是说很坏。20.Conceptual meaning is not _.（分数：2.00）A.affective B.cognitiveC.logicD.denotative解析：解析 概念意义是逻辑的、认知的、外延的内容，而不是感情的。21.Speech Act theory was originated with _.（分数：2.00）A.SaussureB.BloomfieldC.Au
46、stin D.Firth解析：解析 言语行为理论是 20世纪 50年代后期由哲学家 John Austin首先提出的。22.According to Austin, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking except _.（分数：2.00）A.locutionary actB.illocutionary actC.perlocutionary actD.imperlocutionary act 解析：解析 John Austin 的言语行为理论将言语行为分为言内行为、言外行为和言后行为。23.
47、“You have left the window wide open.“ Which of the following is the illocutionary act performed by the speaker?（分数：2.00）A.The speaker intends to ask someone to close the window or make a complaint. B.The hearer closes the window.C.The speaker intends to express what the words literally mean.D.None o
48、f the above.解析：解析 言外行为是表达说话者意图的行为，它是在说某些话时所实施的行为。24.Which of the following is the typical case of commissives?（分数：2.00）A.Believing.B.Ordering.C.Promising. D.Congratulating.解析：解析 承诺类是那些言者对未来行为过程做出承诺的言外行为，即在说话的时候，言者将自己置于某种义务中；允诺(promising)，保证(undertaking)，发誓(vowing)都是最典型的例子。25.How many maxims are under Grice“s CP?（分数：2.00）A.Two.B.Three.C.Four. D.Five.解析：解析 Grice 提出会话的合作原则具体体现为：数量准则、质量准则、关联准则、方式准则。26.A: What do you think of James? B: A fine day, isn“t it? In the dialogue, B“s answer flouts which of the four maxims of CP?（分数：2.00）A.The maxim of quality.B.The maxim of
