1、专业八级-422 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)1.Which of the following statements concerning modern linguistics is NOT correct?（分数：2.00）A.It is mostly descriptive.B.In modern linguistics, a synchronic approach seems to enjoy priority over a diachronic one.C.It regards the spoken language as the natural or the
2、 primary medium of human language.D.It forces languages into a Latin-based framework.2.Which branch of study can NOT be included in the scope of linguistics?（分数：2.00）A.Syntax.B.Pragmatics.C.Phonetics.D.Anthropology.3._ is the ideal user“s knowledge of the rules of his language and _ is the actual re
3、alization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.（分数：2.00）A.Competence, performanceB.Performance, competenceC.Parole, langueD.Langue, parole4.A word is a symbol that（分数：2.00）A.is used by the same speech community.B.represents something else in the world.C.is both simple and complex in nature.
4、D.shows different ideas in different sounds.5.In semantic studies, _ refers to the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.（分数：2.00）A.senseB.synonymC.homonymD.reference6.Which of the following languages does NOT belong to the Sino-Tibetan family?（分数：2.00）A.ChineseB.ThaiC.BurmeseD.Arabic7.The relatio
5、nship between words and things in the world is established by means of（分数：2.00）A.reference.B.sense.C.concept.D.meaning.8.Human language can cope with any subject whatever, and it does not matter how far away the topic of conversation is in time and space. Which design feature of language does this p
6、henomenon refer to?（分数：2.00）A.Productivity.B.Cultural transmission.C.Displacement.D.Arbitrariness.9._ puts forward the distinction between diachronic studies and synchronic studies.（分数：2.00）A.BloomfieldB.ChomskyC.SaussureD.Halliday10.The word pen originally meant “feather used for writing with ink“.
7、 Now it refers to any devise used for writing with ink. This is an example of（分数：2.00）A.degradation of meaning.B.broadening of meaning.C.narrowing of meaning.D.elevation of meaning.11._ is the study of the phonic medium of language.（分数：2.00）A.PhoneticsB.PhonologyC.PhoneD.Phoneme12.Which of the follo
8、wing is NOT a branch of phonetics?（分数：2.00）A.Articulatory phonetics.B.Auditory phonetics.C.Acoustic phonetics.D.Articulate phonetics.13.Which of the following is NOT the organ of speech?（分数：2.00）A.The pharyngeal cavity.B.The oral cavity.C.The nasal cavity.D.The vocal cavity.14._ is the minimal sound
9、 segments of language systems that distinguish meaning.（分数：2.00）A.PhoneticsB.PhoneC.PhonemeD.Allophone15.Which of the following is NOT a suprasegrnental feature?（分数：2.00）A.Pitch.B.Stress.C.Tone.D.Intonation.16.How are the English consonants classified?（分数：2.00）A.In terms of manner of articulation.B.
10、In terms of position of tongue.C.In terms of place of articulation.D.A or C.17.The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the _ of that phoneme.（分数：2.00）A.minimalB.allomorphC.phonesD.allophones18.The sounds k and g are separate _.（分数：2.00）A.allop
11、honesB.phonemesC.morphemesD.allomorphs19.Which of the following English sounds is NOT bilabial?（分数：2.00）A.bB.mC.pD.f20.If a phoneme is substituted for another in a word and the substitution results in a change of the word meaning, the two phonemes are said to be（分数：2.00）A.minimal pair.B.minimal set.
12、C.distinctive phonemes.D.distinctive features.21._ is the study of word formation and the internal structure of words.（分数：2.00）A.SemanticsB.SyntaxC.MorphologyD.Phonology22.The most elemental grammatical units in a language are _.（分数：2.00）A.phonesB.wordsC.morphemesD.phrases23.Morphemes that can occur
13、 “unattached“ are called _ morphemes.（分数：2.00）A.inflectionalB.boundC.freeD.derivational24._ is a basic unit which combines function and form.（分数：2.00）A.PhoneB.PhonemeC.GrammarD.Tagmeme25.How many morphemes is the word “undesirability“ composed of?（分数：2.00）A.SevenB.TwoC.Three.D.Four.26.Which of the f
14、ollowing is NOT a derivational morpheme?（分数：2.00）A.-ian.B.“s.C.multi-.D.-ism.27.The morpheme “scope“ in the common word “telescope“ is a (n) _.（分数：2.00）A.bound morphemeB.derivational morphemeC.inflectional morphemeD.free morpheme28.Which of following words does NOT contain the inflectional affix?（分数
15、：2.00）A.Cares.B.Careful.C.Faster.D.Books.29.The majority of back-formed words are（分数：2.00）A.nouns.B.adjectives.C.verbs.D.adverbs.30.The word camcorder is formed by（分数：2.00）A.coinage.B.blending.C.borrowing.D.back-formation.31.Which of the following is NOT a compound word?（分数：2.00）A.Pencilbox.B.Unreas
16、onable.C.Deadline.D.Upstairs.32.Which of the following words is built by back-formation?（分数：2.00）A.Smog.B.Fridge.C.Motel.D.Edit.33._ is not a pair of homophones.（分数：2.00）A.bean, beenB.beat, beetC.flea, fleeD.bow, bowel34.“The orphan has no father“ is a case of（分数：2.00）A.entailment.B.presupposition.C
17、.contradiction.D.tautology.35.Some words in the basic word stock are said to be stable because they（分数：2.00）A.are complex words.B.are technical words.C.refer to the commonest things in life.D.denote the most important concepts.36.Which of the following words is NOT formed through clipping?（分数：2.00）A
18、.Dorm.B.Motel.C.Gent.D.Zoo.37._ are bound morphemes because they cannot be used as separate words.（分数：2.00）A.RootsB.StemsC.AffixesD.Compounds38.Of the following word-formation processes, _ is the most productive.（分数：2.00）A.clippingB.blendingC.initialismD.derivation39._ is NOT a pair of homophones.（分
19、数：2.00）A.“Fair“ (lovely) and “fair“ (a regular gathering of people for barter and sale of goods)B.“Flea“ (any of various small, wingless, bloodsucking insects) and “flee“ (to escape)C.“Lead“ (to guide) and “lead“ (metal of a dull bluish-grey color that melts easily)D.“compliment“ (an expression of p
20、raise, admiration, or congratulation) and “complement“ (something that completes, makes up a whole, or brings to perfection)40.Morphemes that represent “tense“, “number“, “gender“, “case“ and so forth are called _ morphemes.（分数：2.00）A.inflectionalB.boundC.freeD.derivational41._ are the basic element
21、ary sentences of the language, the stuff from which all else is made.（分数：2.00）A.Simple sentencesB.TransformsC.Kernel sentencesD.Complex sentences42.Application of the transformational rules yields _ structure.（分数：2.00）A.phraseB.deepC.prelexicalD.surface43.Transformational rules do NOT change the bas
22、ic _ of sentences.（分数：2.00）A.meaningB.structureC.formD.sound pattern44.Among the branches of linguistics, _ studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.（分数：2.00）A.syntaxB.semanticsC.pragmaticsD.morphology45.Which of the following is NOT the e
23、lement that phrases formed of more than one word usually contain?（分数：2.00）A.Head.B.Specifier.C.Word category.D.Complement.46.Which of the following is NOT the phrase structure rule?（分数：2.00）A.XP rule.B.X-Theory.C.Coordination rule.D.Subordination rule.47.Words can be grouped together into a relative
24、ly small number of classes called syntactic categories, which reflects many factors including the type of _.（分数：2.00）A.meaning that words expressB.affixes that the words takeC.structures in which the words can occurD.All of the above48.What type of sentence is “Mark likes fiction, but Tim is interes
25、ted in poetry“?（分数：2.00）A.A simple sentence.B.A coordinate sentence.C.A complex sentence.D.None of the above.49.Bloomfield introduced the IC analysis, whose full name is _ Analysis.（分数：2.00）A.Internal ComponentB.Innate CapacityC.Internal ConstituentD.Immediate Constituent50.The phrase “on the shelf“
26、 belongs to _ construction.（分数：2.00）A.endocentricB.exocentricC.subordinateD.coordinate专业八级-422 答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)1.Which of the following statements concerning modern linguistics is NOT correct?（分数：2.00）A.It is mostly descriptive.B.In modern linguistics, a synchronic approach seems to enjoy
27、priority over a diachronic one.C.It regards the spoken language as the natural or the primary medium of human language.D.It forces languages into a Latin-based framework. 解析：解析 现代语言学并不强迫语言进入一个以拉丁语为基础的框架，这是其与传统语言学的区别之一。2.Which branch of study can NOT be included in the scope of linguistics?（分数：2.00）A
28、.Syntax.B.Pragmatics.C.Phonetics.D.Anthropology. 解析：解析 人类学是关于人类起源、行为及其身体、社会和文化发展的科学研究。语言学与人类学息息相关，但人类学并不包含在语言学内。3._ is the ideal user“s knowledge of the rules of his language and _ is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.（分数：2.00）A.Competence, performance B.Performanc
29、e, competenceC.Parole, langueD.Langue, parole解析：解析 乔姆斯基于 20世纪 50年代末提出的语言能力 competence和语言运用 performance。前者是理想的语言使用者关于语言规则方面的知识，后者是这种知识在语言交际中的具体实现。4.A word is a symbol that（分数：2.00）A.is used by the same speech community.B.represents something else in the world. C.is both simple and complex in nature.D
30、.shows different ideas in different sounds.解析：解析 词：一种声音或多种声音的组合，或以书写或印刷的形式表现出来，它象征或传达一种含义，包含一个词素或几个词素的组合。5.In semantic studies, _ refers to the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.（分数：2.00）A.sense B.synonymC.homonymD.reference解析：解析 sense 指语言形式的内在意义，是语言形式所有特征的集合，是抽象的，而且与语境无关；reference指语言形式在现实的物质世
31、界中所指的事物，它涉及的是语言成分和非语言的经验世界之间的关系。6.Which of the following languages does NOT belong to the Sino-Tibetan family?（分数：2.00）A.ChineseB.ThaiC.BurmeseD.Arabic 解析：解析 阿拉伯语属于闪含语系，其他选项都属于汉藏语系。7.The relationship between words and things in the world is established by means of（分数：2.00）A.reference. B.sense.C.conc
32、ept.D.meaning.解析：解析 指称或所指(reference)是语言形式在现实物质世界中所指的事物。reference 涉及语言形式与非语言现实世界间的关系。8.Human language can cope with any subject whatever, and it does not matter how far away the topic of conversation is in time and space. Which design feature of language does this phenomenon refer to?（分数：2.00）A.Produ
33、ctivity.B.Cultural transmission.C.Displacement. D.Arbitrariness.解析：解析 移位性是指人类语言不受时空的限制，可以表示过去和现在，甚至将来在遥远的地方发生的事情，也可以表示完全不存在的事物。故答案为 C项。9._ puts forward the distinction between diachronic studies and synchronic studies.（分数：2.00）A.BloomfieldB.ChomskyC.Saussure D.Halliday解析：解析 瑞士语言学家 Saussure最早提出了语言学研究
34、有历时研究和共时研究之分，被誉为“现代语言学之父”。10.The word pen originally meant “feather used for writing with ink“. Now it refers to any devise used for writing with ink. This is an example of（分数：2.00）A.degradation of meaning.B.broadening of meaning. C.narrowing of meaning.D.elevation of meaning.解析：解析 词义的扩展是指词语的适用范围得到延
35、伸。11._ is the study of the phonic medium of language.（分数：2.00）A.Phonetics B.PhonologyC.PhoneD.Phoneme解析：解析 语音学被定义为对语言的语音媒介的研究，它涉及所有出现在世界语言中的声音；音位学的研究目的是发现一门语言中的语音是如何形成的，这些语音是如何在语言交际中传达意义的。12.Which of the following is NOT a branch of phonetics?（分数：2.00）A.Articulatory phonetics.B.Auditory phonetics.C.
36、Acoustic phonetics.D.Articulate phonetics. 解析：解析 语音学的三个分支分别为发音语音学、听觉语音学和声学语音学。13.Which of the following is NOT the organ of speech?（分数：2.00）A.The pharyngeal cavity.B.The oral cavity.C.The nasal cavity.D.The vocal cavity. 解析：解析 人类发音器官包含在三个重要区域中：咽腔-喉咙；口腔-口；鼻腔-鼻。声腔不属于发音器官。14._ is the minimal sound segm
37、ents of language systems that distinguish meaning.（分数：2.00）A.PhoneticsB.PhoneC.Phoneme D.Allophone解析：解析 音位是语言系统中可以区分意义的最小语音音段。15.Which of the following is NOT a suprasegrnental feature?（分数：2.00）A.Pitch. B.Stress.C.Tone.D.Intonation.解析：解析 超音段特征包括重音、语调和音调。A 选项为音高，不属于超音段特征。因此，本题的正确答案为 A。16.How are the
38、English consonants classified?（分数：2.00）A.In terms of manner of articulation.B.In terms of position of tongue.C.In terms of place of articulation.D.A or C. 解析：解析 辅音的分类是按发音方式或发音部位进行。B 选项中的舌位是元音的分类标准之一。17.The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called t
39、he _ of that phoneme.（分数：2.00）A.minimalB.allomorphC.phonesD.allophones 解析：解析 不同的语音环境中不同的音素可以代表一个音位，这些音素可以被称为这个音位的音位变体。18.The sounds k and g are separate _.（分数：2.00）A.allophonesB.phonemes C.morphemesD.allomorphs解析：解析 phoneme 是语音系统中能通过语素区别意义的最小语音单位。k和g是具有区别意义的最小单位，是 phoneme19.Which of the following En
40、glish sounds is NOT bilabial?（分数：2.00）A.bB.mC.pD.f 解析：解析 考查语言学。Bilabial(双唇音)：用双唇发出的音，如辅音 b，P，m 和 w。f为唇齿音(labiodental)。20.If a phoneme is substituted for another in a word and the substitution results in a change of the word meaning, the two phonemes are said to be（分数：2.00）A.minimal pair.B.minimal se
41、t.C.distinctive phonemes. D.distinctive features.解析：解析 如果在一个单词中，一个音位被另一个所替换，且这种替换引起了词义的改变，那么这两个音位被称为 distinctive phonemes(区分性音位)。它们之所以不同是因为每一个音位都有自己的distinctive features(区分性特征)。21._ is the study of word formation and the internal structure of words.（分数：2.00）A.SemanticsB.SyntaxC.Morphology D.Phonolog
42、y解析：解析 Morphology(形态学)是研究词的内部结构以及词的构造规则。22.The most elemental grammatical units in a language are _.（分数：2.00）A.phonesB.wordsC.morphemes D.phrases解析：解析 morpheme(语素)是最小的语言单位，不能再进一步分成更小的单位而不破坏词的语法意义或词汇意义。它通过语法规则构成词，进而形成句子，所以它是最基本的语法单位。23.Morphemes that can occur “unattached“ are called _ morphemes.（分数：
43、2.00）A.inflectionalB.boundC.free D.derivational解析：解析 可以独立存在的是自由语素。24._ is a basic unit which combines function and form.（分数：2.00）A.PhoneB.Phoneme C.GrammarD.Tagmeme解析：解析 因为 Phoneme在形式上不一样，从而具区别意义的功能，所以它是功能和形式的结合。25.How many morphemes is the word “undesirability“ composed of?（分数：2.00）A.SevenB.TwoC.Th
44、ree.D.Four. 解析：解析 Undesirability 由四个词素构成：un+desire+able+ity。因此，本题的正确答案为 D。26.Which of the following is NOT a derivational morpheme?（分数：2.00）A.-ian.B.“s. C.multi-.D.-ism.解析：解析 屈折词素在很大程度上纯属语法标志，表明时态、数、格等概念的粘着词素，如-ed, -ing, -s等。B 选项为名词所有格词缀，属于屈折词缀，而其他三项都是派生词素，与其他词素或词联结时能构成或派生出新词的黏着词素。因此，本题的正确答案为 B。27.T
45、he morpheme “scope“ in the common word “telescope“ is a (n) _.（分数：2.00）A.bound morphemeB.derivational morphemeC.inflectional morphemeD.free morpheme 解析：解析 “telescope”中的“scope”是自由词素。因此，本题的正确答案为 D。28.Which of following words does NOT contain the inflectional affix?（分数：2.00）A.Cares.B.Careful. C.Faster.
46、D.Books.解析：解析 屈折变化指粘着词素，主要用于语法方面：时态、第三人称单数、格、比较级和最高级等。careful属于派生词。因此，本题的正确答案为 B。29.The majority of back-formed words are（分数：2.00）A.nouns.B.adjectives.C.verbs. D.adverbs.解析：解析 逆构词是通过逆构词法(back formation)构成的。逆构词法指的是从一个现存的词中去掉词缀(affix)而构成新词的构词方法。此外，大多数逆构词都为动词。故答案为 C项。30.The word camcorder is formed by（
47、分数：2.00）A.coinage.B.blending. C.borrowing.D.back-formation.解析：解析 拼缀法(blending)是把两个词同时进行裁剪，或截头或去尾，或只裁剪两个词中的一个，保留另外一个，然后把两部分拼合在一起，构成一个新词。以此方法构成的新词叫合成词(blend)。此处的 camcorder是由 camera和 recorder这两个词合成而来的。故答案为 B项。31.Which of the following is NOT a compound word?（分数：2.00）A.Pencilbox.B.Unreasonable. C.Deadli
48、ne.D.Upstairs.解析：解析 复合词(compound word)是将两个或者两个以上的自由词素按照一定的次序排列而成的新词。选项中 unreasonable不是由自由词素构成，而是由 reason加上前缀 un和后缀 able构成的，这种词叫派生词(derivative word)。32.Which of the following words is built by back-formation?（分数：2.00）A.Smog.B.Fridge.C.Motel.D.Edit. 解析：解析 逆构词是指从已存在的词中去掉一个词缀所形成的新词，edit 就是从 editor变化而来的。33._ is not a pair of homophones.（分数：2.00）A.bean, beenB.beat, beetC.flea, fleeD.bow, bowel 解析：解析 同音异义词(Homophone)：两个及两个以上发音相同，但意义、起源及拼法有时不同的词)。而 bow和 bowel读音不同，意义也不同。34.“The orphan has no father“ is a case of（分数：2.00）A.entailment.B.presupposition.C.contradiction.D.tautology. 解析：解析
