1、专业八级-393 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、PART LISTENING COM(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、SECTION A(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Stress. Different definitions of stress circumstances that threaten well-being or the 1 to them the process of evaluating and coping with threatening circumstances the experience of being threatened by
2、2 . 3 A. stressors 4 demanding events or circumstances linked to increased 5 to illnesses and other problems types: a. catastrophic events, such as 6 b. 7 , such as marriage and divorce c. minor hassles, such as standing in line B. 8 sources frustration: being thwarted when trying to 9 conflict a. a
3、pproach-approach conflict: 10 stressful when choosing between two desirable alternatives b. approach-avoidance conflict when deciding on something with positive and negative aspects c. avoidance-avoidance conflict when choosing between 11 12 : being compelled by expectations . Coping A. coping strat
4、egies: relaxation, humor, releasing 13 , etc. B. factors in coping: social support: providing care and 14 optimism: using 15 coping strategies perceived control: having an internal locus of control （分数：15.00）填空项 1:_三、SECTION B(总题数：2，分数：10.00)（分数：5.00）A.Job interview.B.How to network for your job.C.H
5、ow to hunt for a new job.D.Stealth job hunting.A.To prepare early.B.To seek further education.C.To stay until the time is ready.D.To search the Internet for opportunities.A.It is probably a job hunting agency.B.It is a book written by the guest speaker.C.It is a social networking website.D.It is a p
6、rofessional method to build up interpersonal connections.A.Participating in events with co-workers.B.Attending industry conferences.C.Meeting people face to face and online.D.Completing and updating one“s online files.A.He or she will be suspicious.B.He or she will be excited.C.He or she will expect
7、 the employee“s leaving the job.D.He or she will expect the employee“s networking for the job.（分数：5.00）A.Because they will point out the right direction.B.Because they will connect him or her to the job opportunity.C.Because they will know he or she is looking for a new job.D.Because they will recom
8、mend him or her to other companies.A.When one has a job offer.B.When word gets around.C.When the boss asks.D.When one turns in his resignation letter.A.The boss will be happy to know that.B.The fellow workers would be jealous.C.It would not succeed in most cases.D.People will know about it.A.When ev
9、eryone else has a master“s degree.B.When one finds out where he wants the career to go.C.When there are gaps between one“s skills or knowledge and those listed in job postings.D.When one has saved enough money and there are plenty of choices for additional training including in-house programs.A.Wear
10、ing a suit to the office.B.Getting one“s job done in time.C.Doing interviews during lunchtime.D.Taking a day off for interviews.四、PART READING COMPR(总题数：1，分数：44.00)PASSAGE ONE A caffeinated bee is a busier bee. It“ll work harder to find food, and to communicate the location of said food to other bee
11、s. It will, however, misjudge the quality of the food it finds, and so make its colony less productive. The irony of writing about this as I sip an unwisely strong espresso at 10 pm is not lost on me. The caffeine in coffee might give me a mental kick, but many plants rely on its bitter taste to det
12、er plant-eating animals. Others, however, seem to bait themselves with caffeine, doping their nectar with low concentrations of the stuff. Why add a bitter deterrent to a liquid that“s meant to entice and attract pollinators? Geraldine Wright from Newcastle University found one possible answer in 20
13、13, when she showed that caffeine can improve a honeybee“s memory. Wright fed the insects with caffeine at concentrations that would affect their bodies, but that wouldn“t register as a bitter taste. She found that these bees were three times more likely to remember a floral scent. So, by providing
14、caffeine, plants ensure that their pollinators are more likely to learn the link between their distinctive scents and the tasty nectar they provide. What about the bees? Do they benefit from being drugged like this? One might think so, because they can more efficiently find the food they need. But M
15、argaret Couvillon from the University of Sussex thinks otherwise. She trained honeybees to forage from two feeders full of sugar water, one of which had been laced with a small amount of caffeine. She found that the caffeinated bees made more visits to the feeders. Once back in the hive, they were m
16、ore likely to perform the distinctive waggle dance that tells other bees where to find food, and they performed the dance more frequently. And this means that a hive which exploits a caffeinated flower will send out about four times as many workers to that flower. That wouldn“t be bad if this newly
17、energised armada of workers was behaving more efficiently. But they“re not. Couvillon“s team showed that they“re more likely to persist with a caffeinated food source, even when that source no longer becomes useful. They also become faithful to their chosen feeder and become less likely to stray to
18、a different host plant. So, there“s the rub. Even though caffeine improves bee memory, it also causes them to overvalue caffeinated plants over decaffeinated ones that offer the same amount of energy. As the team writes, “The effects of caffeine in nectar are akin to drugging, where the pollinator“s
19、 perception of the forage quality is altered, which in turn changes its individual behaviours.“ By simulating these effects, Couvillon showed that if 40 percent of plants in the environment produce small amounts of caffeinea realistic proportionbee colonies would produce around 15 percent less honey
20、 every day. They still need to test this prediction in real-world experiments. But if the results check out, it suggests that plants use caffeine not only as a deterrent against undesirable animals, but also as a way of manipulating desirable ones. PASSAGE TWO Some people have a more complicated sen
21、sory life than others. Most taste tuna only when they eat it. A few, though, taste it when they hear a particular word, such as “castanet“. Others link the color red with the letter “S“ or make some other inappropriate connection between stimulus and response. Such people are known as synaesthetes,
22、and the phenomenon of synaesthesia has puzzled brain scientists since it was recognized over a century ago. Most researchers in the field suspect synaesthesia is caused by crossed wires in synaesthetes“ brains, but until recently they have had no way to check this hypothesis. However, the developmen
23、t of a technique called diffusion-tensor imaging has changed that. And researchers at the University of Amsterdam have just applied it to the brains of 18 women (the sex more likely to experience synaesthesia) who have the most common form of the condition. This is called grapheme-color synaesthesia
24、. It is a tendency to see letters and numbers in color. Diffusion-tensor imaging measures the direction of movement of water molecules. Since the filaments that connect distant nerve cells are surrounded by fatty sheaths which restrict the movement of water, such molecules tend to move along a filam
25、ent rather than out of it. The upshot is that the technique can detect bundles of such filaments running from one part of the brain to another. The grapheme-color synaesthesia was chosen to study for two reasons. One was that it is common. The other was because there is a specific hypothesis as to i
26、ts cause. Earlier brain- scanning studies have shown that the part of the brain which identifies word shape is in an area called the fusiform gyrus. This is next to an area known as V4, which identifies color. Both light up simultaneously in traditional scanners when someone is experiencing grapheme
27、-color synaesthesia, so an inappropriate link between them is an obvious thing to look for. Diffusion-tensor imaging did, indeed, show strong connections between these two areas in the brains of the synaesthetes when they slid into the scanner and viewed color-evoking letters and numbers. Other unus
28、ual connections showed up too, suggesting the phenomenon is more complex than had been appreciated. By contrast, the brains of 18 non-synaesthetes matched with the volunteers by age and sex showed no such strong connections. And the revelations went further. Certain types of grapheme-color synaesthe
29、tes have more connectivity than others. As part of the study, researchers asked volunteers to fill out questionnaires about how they experience their color sensations. Some reported seeing color projected on to whatever word or number they were shown. Members of this group are known as “projectors“.
30、 Others, known as “associators“, reported color only in their mind“s eye. Although both groups of synaesthetes had much more connectivity than non-synaesthetes, projectors had noticeably more again than associators. Researchers are not yet sure what form the stronger connections take. They could be
31、the result of more filaments than normal connecting the areas in question. Or the filaments might be broader than normal. Or the fatty coatings of the filaments might be thicker, which would amplify the signal passing along them as well as keeping water molecules on the straight-and-narrow. How syna
32、esthesia starts is also unclear. There is evidence of a genetic component but learning must be involved as well. People are not born with the concept of the letter “A“. And they certainly are not born with a bright-red, cherry-colored “A“however much it feels, as synaesthetes insist, as though they
33、were. PASSAGE THREE Cuckolds are men whose wives gave birth to infants that were blatantly not their own. The well known trickery of the cuckoo, the bird from which “cuckold“ is derived, is as a nest parasitelaying eggs for other birds to hatch and raise. New research suggests the cuckoo has another
34、 trick it uses to ruffle its victims“ feathers. Common cuckoos usually lay a single egg in the nest of a host bird. The eggs often look remarkably similar to the host“s. Upon hatching, the cuckoo chick eliminates any of its potential rival chicks by pushing them or their eggs out of the nest. Howeve
35、r, there is more to this elaborate deceit than is generally realized. As far back as ancient times a similarity has been noted between many cuckoo species and hawks, in size, shape and plumage. More recently researchers have discovered that hawk-like markings are more prevalent in cuckoo species tha
36、t engage in nest parasitism than in cuckoo species that do not. Researchers wondered whether this similarity was noticed by birds too. They set up peanut feeding stations and over two years found that great and blue tits, both of which are not parasitised by cuckoos, were the main visitors. They the
37、n experimented by placing a mounted specimen of a sparrowhawk, cuckoo, dove, or duck, at the feeders for five minutes. The team reported that the tits were as scared of cuckoos as they were of sparrowhawks, raising alarm calls and staying away from feeders at all costs. With the duck and dove they d
38、etected no such behavior. When researchers covered the hawk-like markings on the cuckoo the tits treated it as if it were a duck or dove. Covering the same markings on the sparrowhawk had no such effect, but adding them to the dove caused the tits to treat the dove as they would a sparrowhawk or a c
39、uckoo. The authors argue that actual cuckoo hosts, such as meadow pipits, dunnocks and reed warblers, may have directed the evolution of the cuckoo“s resemblance to hawks by attacking cuckoos that approached their nests, ff a cuckoo with slightly hawk-like plumage caused hosts to delay or avoid an a
40、ttack in the past, this would have favored the evolution of hawk mimicry. It is an arms raceand a matter of adapting and counter-adapting. The better the cuckoo disguises its eggs and itself, the more host birds improve their ability to spot the impostor. Although such an evolutionary dynamic may se
41、em like something that exists only in the wild, it is possible for it to happen in human society as wellbetween cuckolds and their cheating partners, constantly driving men to be better at detecting adultery and women to be better at getting away with it. PASSAGE FOUR I first met him in a small lumb
42、ertown. I was sitting in front of the hotel watching people pass by. It was a warm day. Now and then, a group of laughing rivermen marched by. One group especially caught my eye. They wore bright red shirts and heavy boots. Suddenly, one of them came up to me. “Say, Mister,“ he said. “You look might
43、y interested. Are we your long lost friends?“ His voice was friendly enough but he seemed ready for any answer . trouble, if I wanted it, or help if I needed it. “Can you tell me where all these people are going?“ He pushed his little cap further back on his head. “Birling match!“ he said. “Come on!
44、“ I joined him and we followed the crowd to the river. There, we saw six men running toward the river with their peaveys. They used the round metal hooks on the end of the peaveys to push a heavy log into the water. Then one of the men took a long leap and landed on the end of the log. The force of
45、his jump pushed the log out into the middle of the river. The man, arms folded over his chest, stood straight up like a statue of bronze. The crowd roared approval. The man“s name was Darrell. He was a small man, but he had wide shoulders and long arms. He walked to the center of the long heavy log
46、and turned to face the crowd. Then, slowly, he began to walk, not forward or backward, but in the same place. in the center of the log. The log began to turn under his feet. It rolled around and around. His folded arms, his straight back, did not move, only his legs and feet, soon the log was spinni
47、ng. Suddenly the man jumped up in the air and came down on the log with both feet. The log stopped turning and rested under him like a great quaking animal. The man on the log then dropped his arms and stood still for a moment. And he jumped into the air again. But this time he turned completely ove
48、r in the air, then landed on the log with both feet. The crowd roared again. Someone pushed a long pole out toward the log. The log, with Darrell on top, was pulled toward shore. Another man then ran to the fiver and jumped on the log with Darrell. They stood facing each other. Then, together, they
49、began to walk, slowly at first, then faster. The log began to turn around under them, spinning faster and faster. Soon, it became clear that the other man could not keep up with Darrell. The man was being forced off the top of the log. Suddenly, the man fell backward into the water. “Clean birled?“ my friend said. Twelve other menone after the othertried to get Darrell to fall into the water. But none of them could move their feet as fast as he could. The crowd now shouted for someone to stop Darrell. It wanted the best and began to shout: “We want
