1、专业八级-345 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART LISTENIN(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、BSECTION A/B(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In this section, youll hear a mini-lecture. Youll hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but youll need them to complete a gap-fil
2、ling task after the mini-lecture. When the lecture is over, youll be given two minutes to check your notes, and another 10 minutes to complete the gap-filling task. Now listen to the mini-lecture.Complete the gap-filling task. Some of the gaps below may require a maximum of THREE words. Make sure th
3、e word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may refer to your notes.Advertising and the MediaAdvertising is important because no company can hope to U U 1 /U /Uon any product without advertisements.There are three categories of media:BThe/B U U 2 /U /UANewspape
4、rs, with these characteristics: Newspaper ads reach huge numbers of people. Local businesses advertise directly to their potential customers. Newspaper advertising is cheap. But with U U 3 /U /U, newspaper ads are not very exciting or glamorous.BMagazines:One great advantage of magazine advertising
5、is that magazines have U U 4 /U /U. It allows a business to U U 5 /U /Uto the people who are most interested in the product. The disadvantage is that advertising can be very expensive.BThe broadcast media/BARadio:It has two of the same advantages as newspapers. As for the disadvantages, radio ads mu
6、st be short, and theyre not U U 6 /U /UBTelevision:TV is the most dramatic, so TV ads are U U 7 /U /U. But TV advertising is enormously expensive.U U 8 /U /UAMail:The ad goes directly to the potential customers. However, many people often throw it away without reading it.BBillboards:Ads on billboard
7、s are colorful, eye-catching, the message is permanent, but the message must be short.CSigns and posters at the supermarket:They are usually used in “U U 9 /U /U“ advertising.Every business depends on advertising to attract and U U 10 /U /U. Advertisements are everywhere. They affect our everyday li
8、ves. （分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_三、BSECTION B/B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)In this section youll hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow.At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the
9、 following five questions.Now listen to the interview.（分数：5.00）(1).Which of the following is an advantage of hotels? A.A wide range of rooms is available. B.The rooms are comfy and inviting. C.Their prices are negotiable. D.The staff is responsive and helpful.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Which of the follow
10、ing is NOT an advantage of vacation rentals? A.They make you feel at home. B.They spice up special occasions. C.They are convenient and easy to book. D.They provide amenities at a standard fare.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).According to the editor, when choosing vacation rentals, one should do the following
11、EXCEPT _. A.sign a contract with the owner B.read comments by former renters C.make sure the service is legitimate D.make reservations on eBay（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Which is NOT mentioned as an occasion to be celebrated in vacation rentals? A.Romantic get-away. B.Incentive travel. C.Bachelorette patty
12、. D.Birthday get-away.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(5).If you travel to _ oat of season, youd better choose a hotel rather than a vacation rental. A.Chicago B.Hawaii C.Florida D.Mexico（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.四、BSECTION C/B(总题数：3，分数：5.00)1.In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then an
13、swer the questions that follow.At the end of the news item, youll be given 10 seconds to answer the question.Now listen to the news.Among the 21 species of sharks assessed by SSG, _. A.10 are assessed as near threatened B.5 are listed as vulnerable C.5 are listed as near threatened D.21 are listed a
14、s endangered 语音下载（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.（分数：2.00）(1).What is the main idea of the news item? A.French workers working condition is worsening. B.The French government offers fishermen aid deal. C.Fishermen have agreed to return to work soon. D.Fishermen launch protests over rising fuel costs,（分数：1.00）A.B.C
15、.D.(2).The protests by fishermen coincided with a workers strike over Sarkozys plans to _. A.downsize the workforce B.trim workers health insurance C.cut back on pension spending D.extend the retirement age（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.（分数：2.00）(1).According to USGBC, buildings take up _ of carbon emissions in t
16、he U.S. A.17% B.over 1/3 C.almost 1/3 D.70%（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).What is the biggest driving force for the green build movement? A.Legislation. B.The need to cut costs. C.Climate change. D.Soaring fuel prices.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.五、BPART READING (总题数：0，分数：0.00)六、BTEXT A/B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)One of the unresol
17、vedand rather bitterdisputes in evolutionary biology is between the creeps and the jerks. The creeps (so dubbed by the jerks) think that evolutionary change is gradual. The jerks (so dubbed by the creeps) think it happens in sudden jumps that are separated by long periods of stasis.Probably, both ar
18、e lame. Work done a couple of years ago by Mark Pagel of Reading University, in England, suggests that about a fifth of evolutionary change happens jerkily at around the time new species form. The rest creeps in gradually over the millennia.Species, however, are not the only things that evolve. Lang
19、uages do too. And in the current edition of Science, Dr. Pagel and his colleagues publish evidence that they do so in a way which looks intriguingly similar to what happens in species.There was already some historical evidence for this. The English of Geoffrey Chaucer (born in the 14th century), for
20、 example, is incomprehensible to modern laymen, whereas that of William Shakespeare (born in the 16th) is not only comprehensible but held by some to be a model. Dr. Pagel, however, wanted to examine the question systematically and to include languages with no literary history in his analysis.To do
21、so he looked at three well-studied parts of the linguistic family tree: the Banut languages of Africa, the Indo-European group from Eurasia and the Austronesians of the Pacific. In all three eases it is pretty clear how the branches connect up, even if it is not always obvious when particular splits
22、 occurred.Dr. Pagel did not, however, need to know that. He only needed to know the shape of the tree. That was because his hypothesis was that if linguistic evolution is jerky, the jerks will happen at the points where languages splitthe equivalent of species splits in biological evolution. The way
23、 to test that is to track back along the branches leading from each existing language, and count the number of splits on each path before you get to the common ancestor of all.His hypothesis turned out to be correct. Languages are formed not, it seems, by a gradual drifting apart of two groups who n
24、o longer talk to each other, but by violent rupture. Around a third of the vocabulary differences between modern Bantu speakers arose this way, around a fifth of the differences between speakers of Indo-European languages, and around a tenth of the Austronesians. That compares with around a fifth fo
25、r biological species.All this suggests that the formation of both languages and species is an active process. For species, adaptations to novel environments and the need to avoid crossbreeding with those on the other side of the split are both plausible hypotheses. For languages, the explanation may
26、 be a cultural rather than biological need to distinguish populations. As Noah Webster, the compiler of the first American dictionary put it: “as an independent nation, our honor requires us to have a system of our own, in language as well as government.“ In other words, if you dont speak proper, yo
27、u arent one of us.（分数：5.00）(1).According to the first three paragraphs, we know that _. A.most evolutionary changes happen jerkily B.languages evolve gradually over the millennia C.languages evolve both “jerkily“ and “creepily“ D.both the creeps and the jerks are right（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The role o
28、f the fourth paragraph in the development of the topic is _. A.to compare the English of Geoffrey Chaucer and William Shakespeare B.to show that languages also evolve by drawing on an example C.to provide a contrast to the previous paragraph and introduce the next one D.to offer evidence to the prev
29、ious paragraph and introduce the next one（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The goal of Dr. Pagels study was to _. A.examine the languages with no literary history B.find out the ancestor of all languages studied C.sketch the shape of the linguistic family tree D.study language evolution systematically（分数：1.00）A.
30、B.C.D.(4).What do we learn about Dr. Pagel and his study, according to the passage? A.He studied languages without literary history. B.Three understudied languages were involved in his study. C.He only knew the shape of the linguistic family tree. D.The hypothesis of the study was overthrown.（分数：1.0
31、0）A.B.C.D.(5).According to the passage, the formation of languages is for _. A.the adaptation to the new environments B.the need to avoid crossbreeding C.the biological need to distinguish populations D.the cultural need to distinguish populations（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.七、BTEXT B/B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)What is th
32、e objective of mandating paid family leave? Proponents offer rationales that range from “It will help families“ to “The U.S. is the only rich country that doesnt have it.“ The second is merely irrelevant; the first is plain wrong. Mandating paid family leave will help neither women nor their familie
33、s, because legislation cannot change the laws of economics.If the goal is to retain women in the labor force, then mandated family leave is a poor instrument at best, and thoroughly counter-productive at worst. People will buy less of something when its price increases. That is the law of demand, pr
34、esented on the first day of Econ 101. Mandated paid family leave makes it more expensive to hire workers, particularly women. That makes employers less willing to hire women, especially those with limited education or skills who typically do the kind of work its easy to find someone else to do. If t
35、he objective is to help poor women remain employed, mandated paid family leave will do exactly the opposite.The Americans With Disabilities Act, enacted in 1990, provides an object lesson about ignoring unintended consequences of feel-good policies meant to protect the vulnerable. The effect of the
36、ADA was exactly the reverse of the intentnamely, to protect the disabled in the workplace. Within five years of the ADAs passage, employment for disabled men fell to 49 percent, compared with 60 percent before the law was enacted. Employers, faced with the cost of accommodation and the threat of lit
37、igation, chose the rational option: they cut back on hiring the disabled. When the cost of hiring a worker rises, demand for that worker falls. Mandated paid family leave will have the same effect on women for precisely the same reasons.Thats the demand side. But there is also a supply side effect.I
38、n Germany, which had a generous paid family leave law, evidence shows it utterly failed to keep women in the labor force. In fact, very long parental leave correlates with women leaving the labor force permanently. In an effort to keep women in the labor market, Germany cut the duration of its paid
39、parental leave by half in 2007. Within a year of that reform, there was a 14 percent surge in women returning to the work. Other studies show that any parental leave beyond 20 weeks actually reduces the incentive for a new mother to come back to work at all.Work-for-pay programs like the Earned Inco
40、me Tax Credit are far more effective at helping women participate in the labor force than paid family leave. Getting rid of the “marriage penalty“ would also help. Married women are currently taxed more heavily than single women in many countries, including the United States. Moving to a “neutral“ t
41、ax system, where the level of taxation does not depend on marital status, would provide women with an improved incentive to increase participation in the labor force, according to a study by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Its all about demand, supply, and prices. W
42、hen the after-tax wage (the “price“) increases, more women will be willing to work (that is, supply increases). A tax cut has the advantage of not increasing costs to employers, so there is no decrease in demand, as there would be with a mandated paid leave provision.It is furthermore not clear that
43、 mandated paid family leave is the option families find “friendliest“ to their needs. By definition, paid leave creates a strong market bias toward full-time work, since those are the only workers eligible for the benefit. But there is plenty of evidence that flexible work arrangements and the avail
44、ability of part-time work are highly successful at returning mothers to the workforce. Having both partners/parents working full time is not what all families want. As it is, U.S. women work full time at far higher rates than women in many countries, quite often because they have no choice. How is t
45、his family friendly?If the goal is to help families, then the focus should be on implementing policy options that increase flexibility and choices that families have, not reduce them. At the same time, when employers struggle to comply with expensive or inflexible mandates, it makes it that much har
46、der to accommodate the workers those policies are attempting to help.To truly help families, the federal government should look for ways to reduce the regulatory burden on employers so that they can experiment with alternative work arrangements. On the other side, the tax code needs to change to ref
47、lect the social importance of family, by ending the marriage penalty and issuing higher child tax credits.Families are the best judge of what is right for them, but they can only follow through when they have choices. Mandates like paid family leave take some of that choice away.（分数：5.00）(1).Paid family leave have the following effects on women EXCEPT that _. A.it raises the cost of hiring women B.it causes some women to lose jobs permanently after a long parental leave C.it reduces the motivation of women to come back to work after a long parental leave D.it requires a higher ta
