1、专业八级-337 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART LISTENIN(总题数：1，分数：10.00)BSECTION A/BIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task
2、 after the mini-lecture. When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking.Complete the gap-filling task. Some of the gaps below may require a maximum of THREE
3、 words. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is(are) both grammatically Ulrich yon Gradwitz patrolled the dark forest in quest of a human enemy.The forest lands of Gradwitz were of wide extent and well stocked with game; the narrow strip of precipitous woodland that lay on its outskirt was not remarkab
4、le for the game it harboured or the shooting it “afforded, but it was the most jealously guarded of all its owners territorial possessions. A famous law suit, in the days of his grandfather, had wrested it from the illegal possession of a neighbouring family of petty landowners; the dispossessed par
5、ty had never acquiesced in the judgment of the Courts, and a long series of poaching affrays and similar scandals had embittered the relationships between the families for three generations. The neighbour feud had grown into a personal one since Ulrich had come to be head of his family; if there was
6、 a man in the world whom he detested and wished ill to it was Georg Znaeym, the inheritor of the quarrel and the tireless game-snatcher and raider of the disputed border-forest. The feud might, perhaps, have died down or been compromised if the personal ill-will of the two men had not stood in the w
7、ay. As boys they had thirsted for one anothers blood, as men each prayed that misfortune might fall on the other, and this windscourged winter night Ulrich had banded together his foresters to watch the dark forest, not in quest of fourfooted quarry, but to keep a look-out for the prowling thieves w
8、hom he suspected of being afoot from across the land boundary. The roebuck, which usually kept in the sheltered hollows during a storm-wind, were running like driven things tonight, and there was movement and unrest among the creatures that were wont to sleep through the dark hours. Assuredly there
9、was a disturbing element in the forest, and Ulrich could guess the quarter from whence it came.The two enemies stood glaring at one another for a long silent moment. Each had a rifle in his hand, each had hate in his heart and murder uppermost in his mind. The chance had come to give full play to th
10、e passions of a lifetime. But a man who has been brought up under the code of a restraining eivilisation cannot easily nerve himself to shoot down his neighbour in cold blood and without word spoken, except for an offence against his hearth and honour. And before the moment of hesitation had given w
11、ay to action a deed of Natures own violence overwhelmed them both. A fierce shriek of the storm had been answered by a splitting crash over their heads, and ere they could leap aside a mass of falling beech tree had thundered down on them. Ulrich yon Gradwitz found himself stretched on the ground, o
12、ne arm numb beneath him and the other held almost as helplessly in a tight tangle of forked branches, while both legs were pinned beneath the fallen mass. His heavy shooting-boots had saved his feet from being crushed to pieces, but if his fractures were not as serious as they might have been, at le
13、ast it was evident that he could not move from his present position till some one came to release him. The descending twig had slashed the skin of his face, and he had to wink away some drops of blood from his eyelashes before he could take in a general view of the disaster. At his side, so near tha
14、t under ordinary circumstances he could almost have touched him, lay Georg Znaeym, alive and struggling, but obviously as helplessly Upinioned down/U as himself. All round them lay a thick-strewn wreckage of splintered branches and broken twigs.（分数：5.00）(1).We know from the first paragraph that Ulri
15、ch von Gradwitz（分数：1.00）A.patrolled the forest regularly.B.expected to chase a game.C.was on guard against a person.D.had a keen sense of hearing.(2).The forest lands of Gradwitz have all the following features EXCEPT（分数：1.00）A.vast expanse.B.an abundance of game.C.diverse game.D.steep woodland.(3).
16、The losing party in the law suit _ the judgment of the Courts.（分数：1.00）A.reluctantly consented toB.was in defiance ofC.fought violently againstD.was indignant at(4).Ulrich suspected somebody had intruded into the woodland because（分数：1.00）A.some animals made some unusual movement.B.he was informed of
17、 the intrusion in advance.C.his foresters detected the trace of the intruder.D.there was suffocating quietness in the air.(5).The underlined phrase“pinioned downin the last paragraph can be interpreted as（分数：1.00）A.pinned down.B.let down.C.cracked down.D.lain down.4.BTEXT B/BThe single most shatteri
18、ng statistic about life in America in the late 1990s was that tobacco killed more people than the combined total of those who died from AIDS, car accidents, alcohol, murder, suicide, illegal drugs and fire. The deaths of more than 400, 000 Americans each year, 160, 000 of them from lung cancer, make
19、 a strong case for the prohibition of tobacco, and particularly of cigarettes. The case, backed by solid evidence, has been made in every public arena since the early 1950s, when the first convincing link between smoking and cancer was established in clinical and epidemiological studiesyet 50 millio
20、n Americans still go on smoking. tobacco-related illness. It is a remarkable story, clearly told, astonishingly well documented and with a transparent moral motif. Most smokers in America eventually manage to quit, and local laws banning smoking in public have become common, but the industry prosper
21、s. The tobacco companies have survived virtually everything their opponents have thrown at them. At the end of his story, Mr. Brandt writes: “The legal assault on Big Tobacco had been all but repelled. The industry was decidedly intact, ready to do business profitably at home and abroad. “Although t
22、he conclusion is not to his liking, Mr. Brandts is the first full and convincing explanation of how they pulled it off. Cigarettes overcame any lingering opposition to the pleasure they gave when American soldiers came to crave them during the World War I. War, says Mr. Brandt, was “a critical water
23、shed in establishing the cigarette as a dominant product in modern consumer culture. “ Cigarettes were sexy, and the companies poured money into advertising. By 1950 Americans smoked 350 billion cigarettes a year and the industry accounted for 3.5% of consumer spending on non-durables. The first 50
24、years of the“cigarette century“were a golden era for Big Tobacco. That was simply because, until the 1940s, not enough men had been smoking for long enough to develop fatal cancers (women did not reach this threshold until the 1970s). The first clinical and epidemiological studies linking eigarette-
25、smoking and lung cancer were published only in 1950. By 1953 the six leading companies had agreed that a collective response was required. They paid handsomely for a public-relations campaign that insistently denied any proof of a causal connection between smoking and cancer. This worked well until
26、1964, when a devastating report from the surgeon-generals advisory committee in effect ended medical uncertainty about the harmfulness of smoking. But Big Tobacco rode the punches. When the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) ruled that health warnings must appear on each pack, the industry, consented. B
27、ut it shrewdly exploited the warning: “In a culture that emphasised individual responsibility, smokers would bear the blame for willful risk-taking,“ notes Mr. Brandt. Many cases for damages against the companies foundered on that rock. Cigarette-makers also marshaled their numerous allies in Congre
28、ss to help the passage of a law that bypassed federal agencies such as the FTC, and made Congress itself solely responsible for tobacco regulation. Describing the pervasive influence of tobacco lobbyists, he says: “Legislation from Congress testified to the masterful preparation and strategic comman
29、d of the tobacco industry. “ However, the industry was powerless to prevent a flood of damaging internal documents, leaked by insiders. The companies were shown, for instance, to have cynically disregarded evidence from their in-house researchers about the addictive properties of nicotine. Internal
30、papers also showed that extra nicotine was added to cigarettes to guarantee smokers sufficient“ satisfaction“. Despite such public-relations disasters, the industry continued to win judgments, most significantly when the Supreme Court rejected by five votes to four a potentially calamitous attack th
31、at would have given the Federal Drug Administration the power to regulate tobacco products. The industrys shrewdest move was to defuse a barrage of eases brought by individual states, aiming to reclaim the cost of treating sick smokers. The states in 1998 accepted a settlement of $246 billion over 2
32、5 years (the price of a pack rose by 45 cents shortly afterwards). In return, the states agreed to end all claims against the companies. But the settlement tied the state governments to tobaccos purse-strings; they now had an interest in the industrys success. For those who thought the settlement wa
33、s akin to“ dancing with the devil“, it appeared in retrospect that the devil had indeed had the best tunes, reports Mr. Brandt. To his credit, he manages to keep his historians hat squarely on his head. But you can feel the anguish. _BTEXT B/BThe single most shattering statistic about life in Americ
34、a in the late 1990s was that tobacco killed more people than the combined total of those who died from AIDS, car accidents, alcohol, murder, suicide, illegal drugs and fire. The deaths of more than 400, 000 Americans each year, 160, 000 of them from lung cancer, make a strong case for the prohibitio
35、n of tobacco, and particularly of cigarettes. The case, backed by solid evidence, has been made in every public arena since the early 1950s, when the first convincing link between smoking and cancer was established in clinical and epidemiological studiesyet 50 million Americans still go on smoking.
36、tobacco-related illness. It is a remarkable story, clearly told, astonishingly well documented and with a transparent moral motif. Most smokers in America eventually manage to quit, and local laws banning smoking in public have become common, but the industry prospers. The tobacco companies have sur
37、vived virtually everything their opponents have thrown at them. At the end of his story, Mr. Brandt writes: “The legal assault on Big Tobacco had been all but repelled. The industry was decidedly intact, ready to do business profitably at home and abroad. “Although the conclusion is not to his likin
38、g, Mr. Brandts is the first full and convincing explanation of how they pulled it off. Cigarettes overcame any lingering opposition to the pleasure they gave when American soldiers came to crave them during the World War I. War, says Mr. Brandt, was “a critical watershed in establishing the cigarett
39、e as a dominant product in modern consumer culture. “ Cigarettes were sexy, and the companies poured money into advertising. By 1950 Americans smoked 350 billion cigarettes a year and the industry accounted for 3.5% of consumer spending on non-durables. The first 50 years of the“cigarette century“we
40、re a golden era for Big Tobacco. That was simply because, until the 1940s, not enough men had been smoking for long enough to develop fatal cancers (women did not reach this threshold until the 1970s). The first clinical and epidemiological studies linking eigarette-smoking and lung cancer were publ
41、ished only in 1950. By 1953 the six leading companies had agreed that a collective response was required. They paid handsomely for a public-relations campaign that insistently denied any proof of a causal connection between smoking and cancer. This worked well until 1964, when a devastating report f
42、rom the surgeon-generals advisory committee in effect ended medical uncertainty about the harmfulness of smoking. But Big Tobacco rode the punches. When the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) ruled that health warnings must appear on each pack, the industry, consented. But it shrewdly exploited the warn
43、ing: “In a culture that emphasised individual responsibility, smokers would bear the blame for willful risk-taking,“ notes Mr. Brandt. Many cases for damages against the companies foundered on that rock. Cigarette-makers also marshaled their numerous allies in Congress to help the passage of a law t
44、hat bypassed federal agencies such as the FTC, and made Congress itself solely responsible for tobacco regulation. Describing the pervasive influence of tobacco lobbyists, he says: “Legislation from Congress testified to the masterful preparation and strategic command of the tobacco industry. “ Howe
45、ver, the industry was powerless to prevent a flood of damaging internal documents, leaked by insiders. The companies were shown, for instance, to have cynically disregarded evidence from their in-house researchers about the addictive properties of nicotine. Internal papers also showed that extra nic
46、otine was added to cigarettes to guarantee smokers sufficient“ satisfaction“. Despite such public-relations disasters, the industry continued to win judgments, most significantly when the Supreme Court rejected by five votes to four a potentially calamitous attack that would have given the Federal D
47、rug Administration the power to regulate tobacco products. The industrys shrewdest move was to defuse a barrage of eases brought by individual states, aiming to reclaim the cost of treating sick smokers. The states in 1998 accepted a settlement of $246 billion over 25 years (the price of a pack rose
48、 by 45 cents shortly afterwards). In return, the states agreed to end all claims against the companies. But the settlement tied the state governments to tobaccos purse-strings; they now had an interest in the industrys success. For those who thought the settlement was akin to“ dancing with the devil
49、“, it appeared in retrospect that the devil had indeed had the best tunes, reports Mr. Brandt. To his credit, he manages to keep his historians hat squarely on his head. But you can feel the anguish. （分数：5.00）(1).It can be inferred from the first two paragraphs that（分数：1.00）A.Allan Brandt is a writer of great talent for writing.B.the tobacco industry was just out of a heavy fine.C.most of the Americans died from lung cancer.D.the book on a histor
