1、专业八级-304 (1)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART LISTENIN(总题数：4，分数：20.00)BNonverbal Communication/BNonverbal communication is usually referred to as the “hidden dimension“ of communication, which is at times so (1) _ that we (1) _ hardly recognize it. Our intense emotions are usually conveyed by gestu
2、res, body position, facial expression, vocal (2) _, eye contact, use of (3) (2) _ _, and touching. (3) _Two points about how nonverbal communication functions: -The nonverbal cues are sometimes the only way to communicate.-The nonverbal cues can help interpret the verbal message. The cues cansignal
3、the message of humor and (4) _. (4) _Another area of nonverbal communication:Body bubbles, also termed proxemics, refers to our (5) _ space. (5) _Were seldom conscious of body bubbles until somebody comes too close or(6) _ our private space. We tend to adapt our body position when our (6) _(7) _ are
4、 invaded. (7) _Many factors that influence body bubbles:a. Personal (8) _. (8) _b. The social context.c. Gender relationship.d. (9) _. (9) _The conversational space between two Latin American people is (10) _ than the space between two Asian people. (10) _（分数：10.00）(1).（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_
5、填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_BSECTION B/BIQuestions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions.Now listen to the interview./I（分数：5.00）(1).The conversation is primarily concerned with _.
6、（分数：1.00）A.the development of the rubber industry in MalaysiaB.the impact of rubber industry on MalaysiaC.the uneven distribution of wealth in MalaysiaD.the current situation in Malaysia(2).What percentage does rubber industry account for in the Gross National Product in Malaysia?（分数：1.00）A.12%.B.20
7、%.C.30%.D.13%.(3).Malaysia is in a good position internationally because _.（分数：1.00）A.it produces a large amount of rubber oil every yearB.it is rich in fossil resourcesC.it is rich in rubber resourcesD.it is a wealthy country with a large population(4).How many people are involved with the producti
8、on of rubber in Malaysia?（分数：1.00）A.13 million.B.7 million.C.3 million.D.30 million.(5).Which of the following is NOT the problem a smallholder of rubber business has to face in Malaysia?（分数：1.00）A.Financial problems.B.Boredom.C.Fatigue.D.Lack of insurance schemes.BSECTION C/BIQuestions 6 to 8 are b
9、ased on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer each question.Now listen to the news./I（分数：3.00）(1).Apple was the first to make popular _.（分数：1.00）A.Windows operating systemB.a graphical user interfaceC.the use of iconsD.the use of personal computer(2)
10、.When did Apple started to sell shares to the public?（分数：1.00）A.In 1980.B.In 1984.C.In 1976.D.In 1986.(3).When did Apple released the first Macintosh?（分数：1.00）A.In 1981.B.In 1982.C.In 1984.D.In 1994.IQuestions 9 to 10 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10
11、 seconds to answer each question.Now listen to the news./I（分数：2.00）(1).According to the findings by the American researchers, what is of help in relieving patients pain and worry?（分数：1.00）A.Brain.B.Skin.C.Medicine.D.A sharp needle.(2).Magnetic resonance imaging devices can show _.（分数：1.00）A.dependen
12、ce on illegal drugsB.targeted points on the bodyC.the change in the flow of bloodD.whether a patient can be treated by acupuncture二、BPART READING (总题数：9，分数：20.00)BTEXT A/BAccording to legend, Aesculapius bore two daughters, Panacea and Hyegeia, who gave rise to dynasties of healers and hygienists. T
13、he schism (分离) remains today, in clinical training and in practice; and, because of the imperative nature of medical care and the subtlety of health care, the former has tended to dominate. Preventive medicine has as its primary objective the maintenance and promotion of health. It accomplishes this
14、 by controlling or manipulating environmental factors that affect health and disease. For example, in California presently there is serious suffering and substantial economic loss because of the failure to introduce controlled fluoridation (加氟作用) of public water supplies. Additionally, preventive me
15、dicine applies prophylactic (预防性的) measures against disease by such actions as immunization and specific nutritional measures. Third, it attempts to motivate people to adopt healthful lifestyles through education.For the most part, curative medicine has as its primary objective the removal of diseas
16、e from the patient. It provides diagnostic techniques to identify the presence and nature of the disease process. While these may be applied on a mass basis in an attempt to “screen“ out persons with preclinical disease, they are usually applied after the patient appears with a complaint. Second, it
17、 applies treatment to the sick patient. In every case, this is, or should be, individualized according to the particular need of each patient. Third, it utilizes rehabilitation methodologies to return the treated patient to the best possible level of functioning.While it is true that both preventive
18、 medicine and curative medicine require cadres of similarly trained personnel such as planners, administrators, and educators, the underlying delivery systems depend on quite distinctive professional personnel. The requirements for curative medicine call for clinically trained individuals who deal w
19、ith patients on a one-to-one basis and whose training is based primarily on an understanding of the biological, pathological, and psychological processes that determine an individuals health and disease status. The locus (地方)for this training is the laboratory and clinic. Preventive medicine, on the
20、 other hand, calls for a very broad spectrum of professional personnel, few of whom require clinical expertise. Since their actions apply either to environmental situations or to population groups, their training takes place in a different type of laboratory or in a community not necessarily associa
21、ted with the clinical locus.The economic differences between preventive medicine and curative medicine have been extensively discussed, perhaps most convincingly by Winslow in the monograph The Cost of Sickness and the Price of Health. Sickness is almost always a negative, nonproductive and harmful
22、state. All resources expended to deal with sickness are therefore fundamentally economically unproductive. Health, on the other hand, has a very high value in our culture. To the extent that healthy members of the population are replaced by sick members, the economy is doubly burdened. Nevertheless,
23、 the per capita cost of preventive measures for specific diseases is generally far lower than the per capita cost of curative medicine applied to treatment of the same disease. Prominent examples are dental caries (蛀牙) , poliomyelitis(脊髓灰质炎 ) and phenylketonuria (苯丙酮尿) .There is an imperative need t
24、o provide care for the sick person within a single medical care system, but there is no overriding reason why a linkage is necessary between the two components of a health care system, prevention and treatment. A national health and medical care program composed of semiautonomous systems for persona
25、l health care and medical care would have the advantage of clarifying objectives and strategies and of permitting a more equitable division of resources between prevention and cure.（分数：4.00）(1).The authors primary concern is to _.（分数：1.00）A.refute a counterargumentB.draw a distinctionC.discuss a dil
26、emmaD.isolate causes(2).It can be inferred that the author regards a program of controlled fluoridation of public water supplies as _.（分数：1.00）A.an unnecessary government program that wastes economic resourcesB.a potentially valuable strategy of preventive medicineC.a government policy that has rela
27、tively little effect on the health of a populationD.an important element of curative medicine(3).Which of the following best explains the authors use of the phrase “doubly burdened“ in Para. 4?（分数：1.00）A.A person who is ill does not contribute to production; treatment consumes economic resources.B.T
28、he per capita cost of preventive measures is only one-half of the per capita cost of treatment.C.The division between preventive medicine and curative medicine requires duplication of administrative expenses.D.The individual who is ill must be rehabilitated after the cure has been successful.(4).It
29、can be inferred that the author regards Winslows monograph (in Para. 4) as _.（分数：1.00）A.ill-conceivedB.incompleteC.authoritativeD.well organized1.BTEXT B/BTwo techniques have recently been developed to simplify research and reduce the number of nonhuman primates needed in studies of certain complex
30、hormonal reactions. One technique involves the culturing of primate pituitary (垂体) cells and the cells of certain human tumors. In the other, animal oviduct (输卵管) tissue is transplanted under the skin of laboratory primates. Both culturing techniques complement existing methods of studying intact (完
31、整的) animals.With an in vitro culturing technique, researchers are deciphering how biochemical agents regulate the secretion of prolactin (催乳激素), the pituitary hormone that promotes milk production. The cultured cells survive for as long as a month, and they do not require serum (血清), a commonly used
32、 culture ingredient that can influence cellular function and confound study results. One primate pituitary gland may yield enough cells for as many as 72 culture dishes, which otherwise would require as many animals.The other technique allows scientists to monitor cellular differentiation in the rep
33、roductive tracts of female monkeys. While falling short of the long-sought goal of developing an in vitro model of the female reproductive system, the next-best alternative was achieved. The method involves transplanting oviduct tissue to an easily accessible site under the skin, where the grafted c
34、ells behave exactly as if they were in their normal environment. In about 80 percent of the grafts, blood vessels in surrounding abdominal skin grow into and begin nourishing the oviduct tissue. Otherwise, the tissue is largely isolated, walled off by the surrounding skin. A cyst (囊胞) forms that shr
35、inks and swells in tandem(一前一后的串联) with stages of the menstrual cycle. With about 80 percent of the grafts reestablishing themselves in the new site, a single monkey may bear as many as 20 miniature oviducts that are easily accessible for study. Because samples are removed with a simple procedure re
36、quiring only local anesthesia, scientists can track changes in oviduct cells over short intervals. In contrast, repeated analysis of cellular changes within the oviduct itself would require abdominal surgery every time a sample was taken-a procedure that the animals could not tolerate.Scientists are
37、 using the grafting technique to study Chlamydia (衣原体) infections, a leading cause of infertility among women. By infecting oviduct tissues transplanted into the abdominal skin of rhesus (罗猴) monkeys, researchers hope to determine how the bacteria cause pelvic inflammatory disease and lesions (损害) t
38、hat obstruct the oviduct. Such research could eventually lead to the development of antibodies to the infectious agent and a strategy for producing a Chlamydia vaccine._BTEXT B/BTwo techniques have recently been developed to simplify research and reduce the number of nonhuman primates needed in stud
39、ies of certain complex hormonal reactions. One technique involves the culturing of primate pituitary (垂体) cells and the cells of certain human tumors. In the other, animal oviduct (输卵管) tissue is transplanted under the skin of laboratory primates. Both culturing techniques complement existing method
40、s of studying intact (完整的) animals.With an in vitro culturing technique, researchers are deciphering how biochemical agents regulate the secretion of prolactin (催乳激素), the pituitary hormone that promotes milk production. The cultured cells survive for as long as a month, and they do not require seru
41、m (血清), a commonly used culture ingredient that can influence cellular function and confound study results. One primate pituitary gland may yield enough cells for as many as 72 culture dishes, which otherwise would require as many animals.The other technique allows scientists to monitor cellular dif
42、ferentiation in the reproductive tracts of female monkeys. While falling short of the long-sought goal of developing an in vitro model of the female reproductive system, the next-best alternative was achieved. The method involves transplanting oviduct tissue to an easily accessible site under the sk
43、in, where the grafted cells behave exactly as if they were in their normal environment. In about 80 percent of the grafts, blood vessels in surrounding abdominal skin grow into and begin nourishing the oviduct tissue. Otherwise, the tissue is largely isolated, walled off by the surrounding skin. A c
44、yst (囊胞) forms that shrinks and swells in tandem(一前一后的串联) with stages of the menstrual cycle. With about 80 percent of the grafts reestablishing themselves in the new site, a single monkey may bear as many as 20 miniature oviducts that are easily accessible for study. Because samples are removed wit
45、h a simple procedure requiring only local anesthesia, scientists can track changes in oviduct cells over short intervals. In contrast, repeated analysis of cellular changes within the oviduct itself would require abdominal surgery every time a sample was taken-a procedure that the animals could not
46、tolerate.Scientists are using the grafting technique to study Chlamydia (衣原体) infections, a leading cause of infertility among women. By infecting oviduct tissues transplanted into the abdominal skin of rhesus (罗猴) monkeys, researchers hope to determine how the bacteria cause pelvic inflammatory dis
47、ease and lesions (损害) that obstruct the oviduct. Such research could eventually lead to the development of antibodies to the infectious agent and a strategy for producing a Chlamydia vaccine.（分数：4.00）(1).This passage deals primarily with _.（分数：1.00）A.reproductive organs of nonhuman primatesB.disease
48、s of the pituitary glandsC.in vitro studies of pituitary hormonesD.techniques for studying hormonal reactions(2).According to the passage, the primary benefit of the new research is that _.（分数：1.00）A.scientists can study the pituitary gland for the first timeB.the procedures are simpler and require fewer laboratory animalsC.the study of intact laboratory animals has now been rendered obsoleteD.researc
