1、专业八级-302 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、LANGUAGE USAGE(总题数：4，分数：100.00)We know that it is impossible to set up a limited number of types that would do full justice to the peculiarities of thousands of 1 languages and dialects spoken on the surface of the earth. Like all human institutions, speech is t
2、oo variable and too elusive to be quite safely ticketed. Even if we operate with a minutely subdivided scale of types, we may be quite certain that many of our languages will need trim before they fit. To get them into the scheme at all it will 2 be necessary to underestimate the significance of thi
3、s or that feature 3 or to ignore, for the time being, certain contradictions in their mechanism. It would be too easy to relieve ourselves from the burden of constructional thinking and to take the standpoint that 4 each language has its unique history, therefore its unique structure. Such a standpo
4、int expresses only a half truth. Just as similar social, economic, and religious institutions have grown up in different parts of the world from distinct historical antecedents, so also languages, travel along different roads, have tended to converge toward similar 5 forms. Moreover, the historical
5、study of language has proven to us beyond all doubt that a language changes not only gradually but consistently, that it moves unconsciously from one type towards others, and that analogous trends are observable in remote quarters 6 of the globe. From this it follows that broadly similar study must
6、not 7 have been reached by unrelated languages, independently and frequently. In assuming the existence of comparable types, however, 8 we are not denying the individuality of all historical processes; we are merely affirming that back of the face of history is powerful drifts 9 that move language,
7、like other social products, to balance patterns. 10 （分数：25.00）In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into supersystems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads counted 11 for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles move
8、d by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers are completed, just four railroads will 12 control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers. Supporters of the new supersystems argue that these mergers will allow substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service.
9、 13 Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that as heavy 14 bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals and grain, trucking is too cost and the railroads therefore have them 15 by the throat. The vast consol
10、idation within the rail industry means that the 16 most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such “captive“ shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers whom feel they are being overcharged have the righ
11、t to 17 appeal for the federal government“s Surface Transportation Board for 18 rate relief, and the process is expensive, time-consuming. and will 19 work only in truly extreme cases. Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers in 20 the grounds that in the long run it reduces ev
12、eryone“s cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line.（分数：25.00）When asked how they define the Amer
13、ican Dream, most people will say, “Success.“ The dream of individual opportunity has been at home in 21 America when Europeans discovered a “new world“ in the Western 22 Hemisphere. Early immigrants like Hector St. Jean de Crevecoeur spoke highly the freedom and opportunity to be found in this new 2
14、3 land. His glowing descriptions of a classless society where anyone could attain success through honesty and hard work has fired the 24 imaginations of many European readers. In Letters from an American Farmer (1782) he wrote, “We are all excited at the spirit of an industry which is unfettered and
15、 restrained, because each person 25 works for himself. We have no princes, for which we toil, starve, 26 and bleed: we are the most perfect society now existing in the world.“ The promise of a land where “the awards of a man“s 27 industry follow with equal steps the progress of his labor“ drew poor
16、immigrants from Europe and fueled national expansion into the western territories. Our national mythology is full of illustrations of the American success story. There“s Benjamin Franklin, the very model of the self-educated, self-made man, who rose from modest origins to become a well-known scienti
17、st, philosopher, and statesman. The notion of success haunts us: we spent millions every year reading 28 about rich and famous, learning how to “make a fortune in real 29 estate with no money downward,“ and “dressing for success.“ The 30 myth of success has even invaded our personal relationships: t
18、oday it“s as important to be “successful“ in marriage or parenthood as it is to come out on top in business.（分数：25.00）Conventional wisdom about conflict seems pretty much cut and dried. Too little conflict breeds apathy and stagnation. Too much conflict leads to divisiveness and hostility. Moderate
19、levels of conflict, so, can spark creativity and motivate people in a healthy 31 and competitive way. Recent research by Professor Charles R. Schwenk, however, suggests that the optimal level of conflict may be complex to 32 determine than these simple generalizations. He studied perceptions of conf
20、lict among a sample of executives. Some of the executives worked for profit-seeking organizations and others for non-profit organizations. Somewhat surprised, Schwenk found that opinions about 33 conflict varied systematically as a function of the type of organization. Specifically, managers in non-
21、profit organizations strongly believed that conflict was beneficial to their organizations and that they promoted higher quality decision-making than might be 34 achieved at the absence of conflict. 35 Managers of for-profit organizations saw a different picture. They believed that conflict generall
22、y was damaging and usually led to good quality decision-making in their organizations. Schwenk 36 interpreted these results in the terms of the criteria for effective 37 decision-making suggested by the executives. In the profit-seeking organizations, decision-making effectiveness was mostly often 3
23、8 assessed in financial terms. The executives believed that consensus other than conflict enhanced financial indicators. 39 In the non-profit organizations, decision-making effectiveness was defined from the perspective of satisfying constituents. Giving 40 the complexities and ambiguities associate
24、d with satisfying many diverse constituents, executives perceived that conflict led to more considered and acceptable decisions.（分数：25.00）专业八级-302 答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、LANGUAGE USAGE(总题数：4，分数：100.00)We know that it is impossible to set up a limited number of types that would do full justice t
25、o the peculiarities of thousands of 1 languages and dialects spoken on the surface of the earth. Like all human institutions, speech is too variable and too elusive to be quite safely ticketed. Even if we operate with a minutely subdivided scale of types, we may be quite certain that many of our lan
26、guages will need trim before they fit. To get them into the scheme at all it will 2 be necessary to underestimate the significance of this or that feature 3 or to ignore, for the time being, certain contradictions in their mechanism. It would be too easy to relieve ourselves from the burden of const
27、ructional thinking and to take the standpoint that 4 each language has its unique history, therefore its unique structure. Such a standpoint expresses only a half truth. Just as similar social, economic, and religious institutions have grown up in different parts of the world from distinct historica
28、l antecedents, so also languages, travel along different roads, have tended to converge toward similar 5 forms. Moreover, the historical study of language has proven to us beyond all doubt that a language changes not only gradually but consistently, that it moves unconsciously from one type towards
29、others, and that analogous trends are observable in remote quarters 6 of the globe. From this it follows that broadly similar study must not 7 have been reached by unrelated languages, independently and frequently. In assuming the existence of comparable types, however, 8 we are not denying the indi
30、viduality of all historical processes; we are merely affirming that back of the face of history is powerful drifts 9 that move language, like other social products, to balance patterns. 10 （分数：25.00）解析：第二个 ofthe解析 冠词缺失。这里是特指“在地球上被使用的成千上万种语言和方言”，所以前面必须加定冠词 the。解析：trimtrimming解析 动词形式错误。当 need/require/
31、want的主语为物时，要使用 doing作宾补，表示“需要被”，故将 trim改为 trimming。本句意思是“尽管我们可以用来细分语言种类的尺度很小，我们至少可以肯定很多语言需要不断修正才能适用。”解析：underestimateoverestimate解析 语义错误。or 一般连接两个感情色彩相反的成分，or 之后是 ignore，前面所表达的意思则应该与“忽视”相反。因此应该将 underestimate改为 overestimate。由上下文可知，此处要表达的意思是“要使一切步入正轨，我们要么必须高估语言的种种特性，要么就忽略这个有机体中的某些矛盾。”解析：constructiona
32、lconstructive解析 近义词误用。constructional 和 constructive均可表示“构造的”，但前者更强调建筑等实物的结构性，后者可修饰抽象的概念，如 constructive suggestion“建设性的意见”。本句要表达的意思是“我们太容易放弃建设性的想法了”。解析：traveltraveling解析 动词形式错误。该分句的谓语是 have tended to，不是travel。languages 和 travel是主谓关系，故应该用 travel的现在分词形式 traveling作后置定语。解析：othersanother解析 代词误用。others 的意思
33、是“其他的人或物”，another 泛指“另一个”。此处意为“它不知不觉地从一种形式变成另一种形式。”因此用 another更恰当。解析：not not 解析 语义错误。根据上下文可知，“一些类似的研究一定会涉及某些不相关的语言。”此处表达的是肯定的意思，因此应该将 not去掉。解析：howevertherefore解析 衔接副词误用。上文提到，“每一种语言都有其独特性，但各种语言之间又有其交叉点”，下文又提到“我们并不是在否认历史进程中的个体性”，由此可知此处表达的是因果关系，而非转折，因此应该用 therefore。解析：isare解析 主谓不一致。本句是倒装句，真正的主语是 powerf
34、ul drfits，that 引导定语从句修饰 drifts，故应使用动词复数形式。解析：balancebalanced解析 词性混用。本句中的 to不是不定式符号，而是介词。此处是move.to.结构，to 后面应是名词短语，故应将动词原形 balance改为形容词 balanced“平衡的，和谐的”，修饰 patterns。In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into supersystems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly.
35、As recently as 1995, the top four railroads counted 11 for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers are completed, just four railroads will 12 control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers. Supporters of the new super
36、systems argue that these mergers will allow substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. 13 Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that as heavy 14 bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals
37、and grain, trucking is too cost and the railroads therefore have them 15 by the throat. The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that the 16 most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such “captive“ shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when anot
38、her railroad is competing for the business. Shippers whom feel they are being overcharged have the right to 17 appeal for the federal government“s Surface Transportation Board for 18 rate relief, and the process is expensive, time-consuming. and will 19 work only in truly extreme cases. Railroads ju
39、stify rate discrimination against captive shippers in 20 the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone“s cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remain
40、ing customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line.（分数：25.00）解析：countedaccounted解析 形近词误用。account for 是固定搭配，表示“占比例”。本句意思是“在 1995年，四大铁路占据铁路运输总量的 70%。”解析：areis解析 主谓不一致。因为该句主语中心词“一系列”是作为一个整体考虑的，为单数意义，故应把 are改为 is。解析：allowfor解析 介词缺失。allow 作及物动词表示“允许”，而此处 allow作不及物动词讲，意思是“考虑，顾及”，如果接宾语的话需要使用介词 for，如
41、：In calculating profit，retailers must allow for breakage and spoilage“计算利润时，零售商们必须考虑破损情况。”解析：asfor解析 介词误用。as 表示“作为”，而此处是说“对于”体积超大的货物运输来讲，因此使用 for更合适。解析：costcostly解析 词性混用。cost 只能作名词或动词，而此处需要形容词 costly，表示“卡车运输成本太高”。解析：the the 解析 冠词冗余。这里 most不是最高级，而是表示“大多数”，因此不需要定冠词the。解析：whomwho解析 关系代词误用。此处定语从句的先行词 sh
42、ippers在句中作主语，不能使用代指宾语的 whom。解析：forto解析 介词误用。appeal for 表示“请求”，而这里说“如果发货人觉得自己被多收费了，可以向水陆运输委员会提起上诉。”表示“向上诉”的词组是 appeal to，故将 for改为 to。解析：第一个 andbut解析 连词误用。上句说“发货人可以向水陆运输委员会提起上诉，请求减价”，下句说“这个过程既花钱，又耗时，而且仅仅是在极端情况下才会有效”，由此可见这两句是转折关系，而不是顺承关系。解析：inon解析 固定搭配中的介词误用。off the grounds 表示“以为由，以为条件”。When asked how
43、they define the American Dream, most people will say, “Success.“ The dream of individual opportunity has been at home in 21 America when Europeans discovered a “new world“ in the Western 22 Hemisphere. Early immigrants like Hector St. Jean de Crevecoeur spoke highly the freedom and opportunity to be
44、 found in this new 23 land. His glowing descriptions of a classless society where anyone could attain success through honesty and hard work has fired the 24 imaginations of many European readers. In Letters from an American Farmer (1782) he wrote, “We are all excited at the spirit of an industry whi
45、ch is unfettered and restrained, because each person 25 works for himself. We have no princes, for which we toil, starve, 26 and bleed: we are the most perfect society now existing in the world.“ The promise of a land where “the awards of a man“s 27 industry follow with equal steps the progress of h
46、is labor“ drew poor immigrants from Europe and fueled national expansion into the western territories. Our national mythology is full of illustrations of the American success story. There“s Benjamin Franklin, the very model of the self-educated, self-made man, who rose from modest origins to become
47、a well-known scientist, philosopher, and statesman. The notion of success haunts us: we spent millions every year reading 28 about rich and famous, learning how to “make a fortune in real 29 estate with no money downward,“ and “dressing for success.“ The 30 myth of success has even invaded our perso
48、nal relationships: today it“s as important to be “successful“ in marriage or parenthood as it is to come out on top in business.（分数：25.00）解析：at at 解析 介词冗余。be at home 表示“在家，感到随便”，而 be home表示“回家，扎根”，这里的含义是“自从欧洲人发现了这个新大陆，个人机遇的梦想就在美国扎根了。”故应把 at删去。解析：whensince解析 连词误用。此处主句使用的是完成时，因此状语从句一般使用 since，表示“自从时候”
49、。解析：highlyof解析 介词缺失。speak highly of 是固定搭配，表示“赞扬”。解析：hashave解析 主谓不一致。此处主语和谓语距离较远，主语 his glowing descriptions是复数，所以应把 has改为 have。解析：restrainedunrestrained解析 语义错误。此处 and连接的应该是近义词，而且文章中说“这种勤奋精神让我们兴奋，这是一种无拘无束的精神。”restrained 表示“受限制的”，和上下文语义不符，应该改成它的反义词 unrestrained。解析：whichwhom解析 关系代词误用。定语从句的先行词是 princes，所以用 which错误，应该使用指代人的关系代词，因为前面有介词 for，所以应该使用宾格形式 whom。解析：awardsrewards解析 词义混淆。awards 表示“获奖”，而 rewards表示“回报”。这句话的意思是“对一个人的勤奋的回报紧随他付出的劳动且与之成正比。”因此应该使用 rewards。解析：spentspend解析 时态错误。此句的时间状语 every year及前面
