1、专业八级-300 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、LANGUAGE USAGE(总题数：4，分数：100.00)Most economies in the United States seem captivated by the spell of the free market. Consequently, nothing seems good or normal which does not accord with the requirements of the free 1 market. A price that is determined by the sel
2、ler or, for that matter, establishing by anyone other than the aggregate of consumers 2 seemly harmful. Accordingly, it requires a major act of will to think 3 of price-fixing (the determination of prices by the seller) as both normal or having a valuable economic function. In fact, price-fixing 4 i
3、s normal at all industrialized societies if the industrial system itself 5 provides, as an effortless consequence of its own development, the price-fixing that they requires. Modem industrial planning requires 6 and rewards great size. Hence, a comparatively small number of large firms will be compe
4、ting for the same group of consumers. Each large firm will act with full consideration of the needs that it has in the common with other large firms competing for the same 7 customers. Each large firm will nevertheless avoid significant price- 8 cutting, because price-cutting would be prejudicial to
5、 the common interest in a stable demand for products. Most economists do not see price-fixing when it occurs because they expect it to be brought about by number of explicit agreements among large firms; it is not. 9 Moreover, those economists who argue that allowing the free market to operate witho
6、ut interference is the most efficient method of establishing prices has not considered the economies of non-socialist 10 countries other than the United States. These economies employ intentional price-fixing, usually in an overt fashion.（分数：25.00）Developing a bad habit is easier than many might thi
7、nk. “You can become addicted potentially anything you do,“ says Mark 11 Griffiths, an addiction researcher at Nottingham Trent University in the UK, “because addictions rely in constant rewards.“ Indeed, 12 although definitions of addiction vary, there is a body of evidence that suggests drug addict
8、ions and non-drug habits should share the 13 same neural pathways. While only a hardcore few can be considered true technology addicts, an entirely unscientific survey of the web, and of New Scientist staff, has revealed what prevalent techno- 14 addictions may have become. The web at particular has
9、 opened up a host of opportunities for 15 overindulgence. Take Wikipedia. Updating the entries something anyone can dohas become almost a way of life for some. There are more than 2,400 “Wikipedians“, which have edited more than 16 4,000 pages each. “It“s clearly like crack for some people,“ says Da
10、n Closely at Cornell University in New York, who has studied how websites such as Wikipedia foster a community. To committed Wikipedians, he says, the site is less than a useful information 17 resource; it“s the embodiment of an ideology of free information for all. E-mail is another area where thin
11、gs can get out of the hand. 18 While e-mail has led to a revival of the habit of penning short notes to friends and acquaintances, the ease with that we can do this 19 means that we don“t always think hard enough about where our casual comments could end up. This was the undoing of U. S. broadcaster
12、 Keith Olbermann, who earlier this year sent a private e-mail which he described a fellow MSNBC reporter as “dumber 20 than a suitcase of rocks“. Unfortunately for Olbermann, the words found their way into the New York Daily News.（分数：25.00）People in every workplace talk about organizational culture,
13、 the mysterious word that characterizes a work environment. One of the key questions and assessments, when employers interview a perspective employee, is to explore whether the candidate is a good 21 cultural fit. Culture is difficult to define, but you generally know when you will have found an emp
14、loyee who appears to fit your 22 culture. He just feels right. Culture is environment that surrounds you at work all of the 23 time. Culture is a powerful element that shapes your work enjoyment, your work relationships, and your work processes. But, culture is something which you cannot actually se
15、e, except through 24 their physical manifestations in your work place. 25 In any ways, culture is like personality. In a person, the 26 personality is made up of the values, beliefs, underlying assumptions, interests, experiences, upbringing, and habits that create a person“s behavior. Culture is ma
16、de up of the values, beliefs, underlying assumptions, attitudes, but behaviors shared by a group of people. 27 Culture is the behavior that results when a group arrives in a set of 28 generally unspoken and unwrittenrules for working together. An organization“s culture is made up of all of the life
17、experience each employee brings to the organization. Culture is 29 especially influenced by the organization“s founder, executives, and another managerial staff because of their role of decision-making and 30 strategic direction.（分数：25.00）We have seen that the mere phonetic framework of speech does
18、not constitute the inner fact of language and that single sound of articulated speech is not, as such, a linguistic element at all. For all that, speech is so inevitably bound up with sounds and its 31 articulation that we can hardly avoid giving the subject of phonetics some general consideration.
19、Experience has shown that neither the purely formal aspects of a language or the course of its history can be 32 fully understood without reference with the sounds in which this form 33 and this history are embodied. The feeling that the average speaker has of his language is that it is built up, ac
20、oustically speaking, of a comparatively small number of distinctive sounds, each of which is 34 rather accurately provided for in the current alphabet by one letter or, in few cases, by two or more alternative letters. As for the 35 languages of foreigners, he generally feels that, aside from a few
21、striking differences that cannot escape even the critical ear, the 36 sounds they use are the same as those he is familiar with but that there is a mysterious “accent“ to these foreign languages, a certainly unanalyzed phonetic character, apart from the sounds as 37 such, that gives them their air o
22、f strangeness. This naive feeling is largely illusory on all scores. Phonetic analysis convinces one that 38 a number of clearly distinguishable sounds and the tiny differences 39 of sounds that are habitually employed by the speakers of a language is greater than they by themselves recognize. 40 （分
23、数：25.00）专业八级-300 答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、LANGUAGE USAGE(总题数：4，分数：100.00)Most economies in the United States seem captivated by the spell of the free market. Consequently, nothing seems good or normal which does not accord with the requirements of the free 1 market. A price that is determined by
24、the seller or, for that matter, establishing by anyone other than the aggregate of consumers 2 seemly harmful. Accordingly, it requires a major act of will to think 3 of price-fixing (the determination of prices by the seller) as both normal or having a valuable economic function. In fact, price-fix
25、ing 4 is normal at all industrialized societies if the industrial system itself 5 provides, as an effortless consequence of its own development, the price-fixing that they requires. Modem industrial planning requires 6 and rewards great size. Hence, a comparatively small number of large firms will b
26、e competing for the same group of consumers. Each large firm will act with full consideration of the needs that it has in the common with other large firms competing for the same 7 customers. Each large firm will nevertheless avoid significant price- 8 cutting, because price-cutting would be prejudi
27、cial to the common interest in a stable demand for products. Most economists do not see price-fixing when it occurs because they expect it to be brought about by number of explicit agreements among large firms; it is not. 9 Moreover, those economists who argue that allowing the free market to operat
28、e without interference is the most efficient method of establishing prices has not considered the economies of non-socialist 10 countries other than the United States. These economies employ intentional price-fixing, usually in an overt fashion.（分数：25.00）解析：whichthat解析 关系代词误用。which 和 that在引导定语从句时的区别
29、之一是，当先行词是nothing，everything，somebody 等不定代词时，只能使用 that。这个定语从句的先行词是 nothing，因此只能用 that。解析：establishingestablished解析 非谓语动词误用。这里 establish的宾语是 price，二者构成动宾关系，和前面的 is determined并列，都是被动语态结构，因此需要使用过去分词。解析：seemlyseems解析 词性混用。本句的主语是 A price，主语后面是一个较长的定语从句，harmful是表语，可见该句缺少系动词，而主语是单数，故应该把 seemly改成 seems。解析：or
30、and解析 连词误用。这里是固定结构 both.and.，本句的意思是“因此我们需要改变想法，把价格垄断看作既正常又有经济价值的一种经济手段。”解析：ifbecause解析 连词误用。本句的主句说“价格垄断在工业社会中是正常的”，从句说“工业体制本身就提供了它所需要的、由其自身发展的毫不费力就产生的价格垄断”。可见从句是解释主句的原因，因此应该使用连词 because。解析：theyit解析 代词误用。that 引导的是定语从句，修饰前面的 pricefixing，而从句的主语应该是前文出现的 the industrial system，并且参照 itself可以判断此处主语应该是 it，而不
31、是they。解析：第一个 the the 解析 冠词冗余。in common 是固定搭配，表示“共同的”，不需要冠词the。解析：neverthelessthus/therefore解析 副词误用。nevertheless 表示转折，上句说“每家大公司都要全面考虑与其竞争的其他大公司的共同需求”，下句说“每家大公司都避免明显的减价，原因是减价会损害共同的利益”，可见上下文不是转折关系，而是因果关系。解析：numbera解析 冠词缺失。a number of 是固定词组，表示“一些，很多”，本句意思是“大多数经济学家看不到价格垄断的发生，因为他们认为价格垄断是由大公司之间达成一些明确的协议之后才
32、会发生的，但是事实并非如此。”可见这里的 a number of修饰 agreements。解析：hashave解析 主谓不一致。此句的主语和谓语距离较远，容易产生误解，主语是 those economists，中间的成分是修饰主语的定语从句，谓语应该用复数 have。Developing a bad habit is easier than many might think. “You can become addicted potentially anything you do,“ says Mark 11 Griffiths, an addiction researcher at Not
33、tingham Trent University in the UK, “because addictions rely in constant rewards.“ Indeed, 12 although definitions of addiction vary, there is a body of evidence that suggests drug addictions and non-drug habits should share the 13 same neural pathways. While only a hardcore few can be considered tr
34、ue technology addicts, an entirely unscientific survey of the web, and of New Scientist staff, has revealed what prevalent techno- 14 addictions may have become. The web at particular has opened up a host of opportunities for 15 overindulgence. Take Wikipedia. Updating the entries something anyone c
35、an dohas become almost a way of life for some. There are more than 2,400 “Wikipedians“, which have edited more than 16 4,000 pages each. “It“s clearly like crack for some people,“ says Dan Closely at Cornell University in New York, who has studied how websites such as Wikipedia foster a community. T
36、o committed Wikipedians, he says, the site is less than a useful information 17 resource; it“s the embodiment of an ideology of free information for all. E-mail is another area where things can get out of the hand. 18 While e-mail has led to a revival of the habit of penning short notes to friends a
37、nd acquaintances, the ease with that we can do this 19 means that we don“t always think hard enough about where our casual comments could end up. This was the undoing of U. S. broadcaster Keith Olbermann, who earlier this year sent a private e-mail which he described a fellow MSNBC reporter as “dumb
38、er 20 than a suitcase of rocks“. Unfortunately for Olbermann, the words found their way into the New York Daily News.（分数：25.00）解析：anythingto解析 固定搭配中的介词缺失。be addicted to.是固定搭配，表示“对上瘾，成瘾”。解析：inon解析 固定搭配中的介词误用。rely on 是固定搭配，表示“依赖”。解析：should should 解析 虚拟语气误用。suggest 表示“建议”时，后面的宾语从句应使用虚拟语气“should+动词原形”，但
39、是当 suggest表示“表明”时，其后的宾语从句使用正常语气即可，此处是后者，所以把 should去掉。解析：whathow解析 连词误用。这里 reveal后面跟的是一个修饰形容词。prevalent 的宾语从句，因此应该使用 how而不是 what来引导从句，what 修饰名词。本句意思是“已经证明了科技上瘾将会变得多么普遍”。解析：atin解析 固定搭配中的介词误用。in particular 是固定搭配，表示“特别”。本句的意思是“尤其是互联网给人们养成上瘾的习惯提供了大量的机会。”解析：whichwho解析 关系代词误用。这是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词是 Wikipedians，
40、表示一类人，因此关系代词应该使用 who。解析：lessmore解析 语义错误。less than 表示“小于，决不”，不符合此处的语义，本句是说“对于那些执著的维基百科人来说，这个网站不仅是有用的信息源，而且是信息免费共享的理想的体现。”因此应该使用词组。more than。解析：the the 解析 冠词冗余。此处 get out of hand是固定搭配，表示“失控”，没有定冠词the。解析：thatwhich解析 关系代词误用。which 和 that都可以引导定语从句，但是当其前面有介词时，只能用 which而不用 that。解析：whichin解析 介词缺失。which 引导的定语
41、从句修饰 e-mail，意思是“在这个 e-mail里”，因此关系代词 which前面需要加介词 in。People in every workplace talk about organizational culture, the mysterious word that characterizes a work environment. One of the key questions and assessments, when employers interview a perspective employee, is to explore whether the candidate i
42、s a good 21 cultural fit. Culture is difficult to define, but you generally know when you will have found an employee who appears to fit your 22 culture. He just feels right. Culture is environment that surrounds you at work all of the 23 time. Culture is a powerful element that shapes your work enj
43、oyment, your work relationships, and your work processes. But, culture is something which you cannot actually see, except through 24 their physical manifestations in your work place. 25 In any ways, culture is like personality. In a person, the 26 personality is made up of the values, beliefs, under
44、lying assumptions, interests, experiences, upbringing, and habits that create a person“s behavior. Culture is made up of the values, beliefs, underlying assumptions, attitudes, but behaviors shared by a group of people. 27 Culture is the behavior that results when a group arrives in a set of 28 gene
45、rally unspoken and unwrittenrules for working together. An organization“s culture is made up of all of the life experience each employee brings to the organization. Culture is 29 especially influenced by the organization“s founder, executives, and another managerial staff because of their role of de
46、cision-making and 30 strategic direction.（分数：25.00）解析：perspectiveprospective解析 形近词误用。perspective 的意思是“透视的”，而该处要表达的意思是“当雇主面试未来的雇员时”，故应该用 prospective“未来的，潜在的”。解析：will will 解析 情态动词冗余。该处为 when引导的时间状语从句，主句为 you generally know，用的是一般现在时，从句谓语动词 find应发生在 know之前，所以用完成时即可，故将 will去掉。解析：environmentthe解析 冠词缺失。该句句
47、意为“文化是在你工作时一直伴随你左右的一种环境。”此处环境是特指工作环境，故在其前面加入定冠词 the。解析：whichthat解析 从句引导词误用。该句为定语从句，先行词为 something。当先行词为不定代词时，引导定语从句的关系词应该用 that。该句句意为“文化是你实际上看不到的某种东西。”解析：theirits解析 代词误用。该处代词指代的是上文中提及的 culture，为不可数名词，故应将their改为 its。解析：anymany解析 语义错误。in any way 的意思是“以任何方式，在任何情况下”，而 in many ways的意思是“在很多方面”。本句意为“在很多方面，
48、文化就好比人的个性。”故将 any改为 many。解析：butand解析 连词误用。该处的 behaviors与前面的 the values，beliefs，underlying assumptions，attitudes 是并列关系，都是构成文化的元素，故将 but改为 and。解析：inat解析 介词误用。arrive at 后面可以跟表抽象概念的词，如 agreement，rules 等，相当于 reach，而 arrive in后通常跟表示大地点的名词。此处宾语为 a set of rules for working together，故将 in改为 at。解析：experiencee
49、xperiences解析 名词单复数错误。experience 在表示“经验”时为不可数名词，在表示“经历”时则可数，根据上下文可知，life experience 在此指“生活经历”，故应使用复数形式。解析：anotherother解析 代词误用。managerial staff 的意思是“管理人员”，another 的意思是“另一个”，而 other的意思是“其他的”。根据句意，此处意思是“除了上文所述的其他管理人员”，故将 another改为 other。We have seen that the mere phonetic framework of speech does not constitute the inner fact of language and that single sound of articulated speech is not, as such, a linguistic element at all. For all that, speech is so inevitably bound up with sounds and its 31
