1、专业八级-300 (1)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART LISTENIN(总题数：1，分数：10.00)BDarwin and His Theory/B Darwin was born in 1809 as the son of a physician. He earlier planned to become aU (1) /Uin the Church of England. Later he accepted an invitation to serve as an unpaid naturalist on the H. M.S. Beagle, a
2、nd joined in theU (2) /Uscientific expedition to the Pacific coast of South America in 1831. The book On the Origin of Species was published in 1859 and aroused a storm ofU (3) /UHe continued to write and publish his works on biology throughout his life. He died on 1882 and lies buried in Westminste
3、r Abbey. Darwins general theory presumes the development of life from non-life and stresses a purely naturalistic “descent withU (4) /U“, the result of which is an entirely different organism. What Darwin brought to the old philosophy of evolution is a new mechanism called “natural selection“. It ac
4、ts to preserve andU (5) /Uminor advantageous genetic mutations. It is the preservation of aU (6) /Uadvantage that enables a species to compete better in the wild. Similarly, itU (7) /Uinferior species gradually over time. Darwins theory of evolution is a slow gradual process. He wrote, “Natural sele
5、ction acts only by taking advantage of slightU (8) /Uvariations.“ An irreducibly complex system is composed of multiple parts, and every individual part isU (9) /U. The common mousetrap is an commonU (10) /Uexample of irreducible complexity.（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_
6、填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_二、BSECTION B/B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)(1).In the case that occurred in France in 1981, how many people witnessed it?（分数：1.00）A.One.B.Two.C.Three.D.Five.(2).The scientist from the French space agency did all the following things except _.（分数：1.00）A.taking further photosB.taking soil sampl
7、esC.planting vegetation in the soilD.taking samples of vegetation(3).Peter Sturrock thinks that the field of UFO study is in a state of _.（分数：1.00）A.popularizationB.pauseC.developmentD.ignorance and confusion(4).In which countries are there programs of pursuing UFO? A. China and US（分数：1.00）A.B.Chile
8、 and France.C.France and Canada.D.Egypt and Greece.(5).There have been UFO reports for _.（分数：1.00）A.15 yearsB.50 yearsC.six decadesD.four decades三、BSECTION C/B(总题数：2，分数：5.00)(1).If Quebec was separated from Canada, the two pacts with US _.（分数：1.00）A.should remain effectiveB.should be abolishedC.shou
9、ld be discussed againD.should be supplemented(2).The US border with Canada is the _ in tile world.（分数：1.00）A.longest defended borderB.longest undefended borderC.longest undefined borderD.longest coastal border(3).Which of the following is NOT true?（分数：1.00）A.In the days before the vote, the Clinton
10、Administration had been careful to describe the referendum as an internal matter.B.It is critical for the United States to have a stable northern neighbor.C.Mr. Clinton discussed the outcome of the referendum Tuesday with Canadian Prime Minister.D.Both pacts will be discussed further with united Can
11、ada.IQuestions 9 and 10 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer each question. Now listen to the news./I（分数：2.00）(1).The news from China tells us that _.（分数：1.00）A.at least eighty-one people have been killed by floodingB.a dangerous goods
12、warehouse has been damaged by fireC.many killed were unable to leave the buildingD.the fire in a handicraft factory in southern China is striking(2).The recent fire-related accidents were caused by _.（分数：1.00）A.strong win two hydro jets power it along by blasting water under its body. There is room
13、for two passengers and a driver, who sit inside a glass bubble operating electronic, aircraft-type controls. A vehicle so daring on land and water needs windscreen wipers - but it doesnt have any. Water molecules are disintegrated on the screens surface by ultrasonic sensors.This unusual vehicle is
14、the Racoon. It is an invention not of Hollywood but of Renault, a rather conservative French state-owned Carmaker, better known for its family hatchbacks. Renault built the Racoon to explore new freedoms for designers and engineers created by advances in materials and manufacturing processes. Renaul
15、t is thinking about startlingly different cars; other producers have radical new ideas for trains, boats and aeroplanes.The first of the new freedoms is in design. Powerful computer-aided design (CAD) systems can replace with a click of a computer mouse hours of laborious work done on thousands of d
16、rawing boards. So new products, no matter how complicated, can be developed much faster. For the first time, Boeing will not have to build a giant replica of its new airliner, the 777, to make sure all the bits fit together. Its CAD system will take care of that.But Renault is taking CAD further. It
17、 claims the Racoon is the worlds first vehicle to be designed within the digitised world of virtual reality. Complex programs were used to simulate the vehicle and the terrain that it was expected to cross. This allowed a team led by Patrick Le Quement, Renaults industrial-design director, to “drive
18、“ it long before a prototype existed.Renault is not alone in thinking that virtual reality will transform automotive design. In Detroit, Ford is also investigating its potential. Jack Telnac, the firms head of design, would like designers in different parts of the world to work more closely together
19、, linked by computers. They would do more than style cars. Virtual reality will allow engineers to peer inside the working parts of a vehicle. Designers will watch bearings move. oil flow, gears mesh and hydraulics pump. As these techniques catch on, even stranger vehicles are likely to come along.T
20、ransforming these creations from virtual reality to actual reality will also become easier, especially with advances in materials. Firms that once bashed everything out of steel now find that new alloys or composite materials (which can be made from mixtures of plastic, resin, ceramics and metals, r
21、einforced with fibers such as glass or carbon) are changing the rules of manufacturing. At the same time, old materials keep getting better, as their producers try to secure their place in the factory of the future. This competition is increasing the pace of development of all materials.One company
22、in this field scaled composites. It was started in 1982 by Burt Rutan, an aviator who has devised many unusual aircraft. His company develops and tests prototypes that have ranged from business aircraft to air racers. It has also worked on composite sails for the Americas Cup yacht race and on Gener
23、al Motors Ultralite, a 100-miles-per-gallon experimental family car built from carbon fiber.Again, the Racoon reflects this race between the old and the new. It uses conventional steel and what Renault describes as a new “high-limit elastic steel“ in its chassis. This steel is 30% lighter than the u
24、sual kind. The Racoon also has parts made from composites. Renault plans to replace the petrol engine with a small gas turbine, which could be made from heat-resisting ceramics, and use it to run a generator that would provide power for electric motors at each wheel.With composites it is possible to
25、 build many different parts into a single component. Fiat, Italys biggest car maker has worked out that it could reduce the number of components needed in one of its car bodies from 150 to 16 by using a composite shell rather than one made of steel. Aircraft and cars may increasingly be assembled as
26、 if they were plastic kits.Advances in engine technology also make cars lighter. The Ultralite, which Sealed composites helped to design for General Motors, uses a two- stroke engine in a “power pod“ at the rear of the vehicle. The engine has been developed from an East German design and weighs 40%
27、less than a conventional engine but produces as much power. IT is expected to run cleanly enough to qualify as an ultra-low emissions vehicle under Californias tough new rules.（分数：4.00）(1).How does that Racoon cross water?（分数：1.00）A.It swims.B.It raises its nose.C.It uses hydrojets.D.It uses its fou
28、r-wheel drived.(2).What is Renault most famous for?（分数：1.00）A.Startlingly different cars.B.Family ears.C.Advances in design.D.Boat and train design.(3).Why will Boeing not need a replica of the 777?（分数：1.00）A.It can use computers to check the design.B.It already has enough experience with plans.C.It
29、 will only need to upgrade the replica of the previous model.D.It can make sure all the bits fit together.(4).How did Renault test drive the Racoon?（分数：1.00）A.Over rocky terrain.B.In actual reality.C.Over French country roads.D.In virtual reality.BTEXT B/BTomorrow evening about 20 million Americans
30、will be shown, on their television screens, how easy it is to steal plutonium (钚) and produce “the most terrifying blackmail weapon ever devised“ - a homemade atomic bomb.They will be told that no commercial nuclear plant in the United States - and probably in the world - is adequately protected aga
31、inst a well planned armed attack by terrorists, and that there is enough information on public record to guide a nuclear thief not only to the underground rooms of nuclear plants where plutonium is stored, but also to tell him how the doors of those underground rooms are designed.The hour-long telev
32、ision programme, “The Plutonium Connection“, makes its point by showing how a 20-year-old student of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in five weeks designed an atomic bomb composed of plutonium and parts from a hardware store.The young man, whose identity is being kept secret for fear he ma
33、y be kidnapped by terrorists, is quoted as saying: “I was pretty surprised about how easy it is to design a bomb. When I was working on my design, I kept thinking theres got to be more to it than this, but actually there isnt. Its simple.“The student worked alone, using information he obtained from
34、science libraries open to the public. The television programme, produced for non-commercial stations across the country by a Boston educational station, shows how quantities of other “secret“ information are available to anyone.The Atomic Energy Commissions public reading room in Washington is descr
35、ibed by the narrator as “the first place a bomb-designer would visit when he was planning his plutonium theft. On file there and freely available are the plans of every civilian nuclear installation in the country.“The programme seems certain to create enormous controversy - not only over the lack o
36、f nuclear safeguards, But also over the morality of appointing the student to design a bomb and the wisdom of drawing attention to the ways that a nuclear thief can work.Even an official of Public Broadcasting System, which is distributing the TV programme, confessed to uneasiness: “Its a terribly i
37、mportant subject, and people should know about the dangers, but I cant help wondering if the programme wont give someone ideas.“The Plutonium Connection“ explains, for example, that the security systems of nuclear plants were all designed to prevent sabotage by perhaps one or agents of some foreign
38、power. But now this appears less of a hazard than the possibility of an attack by an armed band of terrorists with dedicated disregard for their own lives.The programme discusses two major plutonium reprocessing plants in the US - one already operating in Oklahoma, one being completed in South Carol
39、ina - neither of which has more than a handful of armed guards to supplement the alarms, fences and gun-detectors that Government security requires. Both are in such remote areas that it would take at least 45 minutes for a sizeable force to be assembled, if there were an attack.An official of the S
40、outh Carolina plant - a joint operation of Allied Chemical, Gulf Oil and Royal Dutch Shell - admits to television viewers that the “system weve designed would probably not prevent“ a band of about 12 armed terrorists from entering.Stealing plutonium is even easier, the programme suggests. Despite co
41、nstant survey of all materials on the list, there are inevitably particles of plutonium unaccounted for - about I lb a month at the Oklahoma plant, owned by the KerrMcGee oil company, which in a year adds up to enough to make an atomic bomb. It is suggested that stealing would be even easier if inst
42、rument technicians were unscrupulous enough to alter their measuring devices.The television film also shows radioactive fuel being transported to nuclear processing plants in commercial armoured cars. As safety measure, US drivers of such cars are ordered to contact headquarters by radio telephone e
43、very two hours. But the equipment is “cumbersome and unreliable“, and in difficult terrain there are radio black out areas.The programmer ends with a warning from Dr. Theodore Taylor, a former Atomic Energy Commission officer who has long contended that any person of modest technical ability could m
44、ake an atomic bomb: “If we dont get this problem under international control within the next five or six years, there is a good chance that it will be permanently out of control.“（分数：4.00）(1).Why would a terrorist go to the Atomic Energy commissions public reading room?（分数：1.00）A.To find nut how to
45、design a bomb.B.To find out where to steal plutonium.C.To look at files of secret information.D.To find out where to stem an atomic bomb.(2).The main danger discussed in the passage is from _.（分数：1.00）A.students making their own atomic bombs.B.foreign spies stealing secretsC.terrorists stealing plut
46、onium and making their own bombsD.technicians stealing plutonium(3).What does “this“ refer to in the expression “this appears less of a hazard“ ?（分数：1.00）A.Some foreign power.B.The design of the security systems.C.A terrorist attack.D.Sabotage by people working for an enemy country.(4).What is the m
47、ain theme of the passage?（分数：1.00）A.The fact that a student was able to make an atomic bomb.B.The dangers of transporting plutonium.C.The fact that secret information is available in public libraries.D.The ease with which atomic bombs could become a terrorist weapon.BTEXT C/BIn contrast to tradition
48、al analyses of minority business, the sociological analysis contends that minority business ownership is a group-level phenomenon, in that it is largely dependent upon socialgroup resources for its development. Specifically, this analysis indicates that support networks play a critical role in starting and maintaining minority business enterprises by providing owners with a range of assistance, from the informal encouragement of family members and friends to dependable sources of labor and clientele from the owners et
