1、专业八级-295 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、LANGUAGE USAGE(总题数：4，分数：100.00)Humanity“s highly developed ability to communicate verbally is our essence. With our tremendous vocabulary, we would perhaps be 1 not much better off than gorillas and monkeys. Language is taken as 2 granted since it is a basic cha
2、racteristic. But it is, for all its universality, among the most powerful of human tools. “The pen is mightier than the sword.“ We define language a system of communication that is primarily 3 verbal, symbolic, dually-patterned, and arbitrary and is used by humans with common cultural expectancies.
3、Language is also a mean to communicate ideas, knowledge and emotions with other 4 individuals through the use of the body. The system of communication used is a set of codes or rules; a specific signaling system developed by humans. This signaling system consists of sounds used by individuals to exp
4、ress knowledge, emotions and ideas. This system is learned and passed on through culture 5 transmission by the teaching and the imitation of others. This system is significant so it is purely human in nature and no other species are 6 able to duplicate our system. Language is primarily verbal becaus
5、e it is part of the grammatical machine in humans which uses a sound, 7 phonology, to express ideas and emotions. The broadest definition for language includes much more. For 8 example, we have codes, such as Morse, flag, smoke signals, body language, and to extent even music. Computer programs incl
6、ude 9 special coding that can in some sense being called language. 10 （分数：25.00）Today“s college students are more narcissistic and self-centered than their predecessors, according to a comprehensive new study by five psychologists who worry that the trend could be harmful to personal relationships a
7、nd American society. “We need to stop endless repeating “You“re special“ and 11 having children repeat that back,“ said the study“s lead author, Professor Jean Twenge of San Diego State University. “Kids are self-centered enough already.“ “Fortunately, narcissism can also 12 have very negative conse
8、quences for society including the breakdown of close relationships to others,“ he said. The study asserts that 13 narcissists “are more like to have romantic relationships that are 14 short-lived, at a risk for infidelity, lack of emotional warmth, and to 15 exhibit game-playing, dishonesty, and ove
9、r-controlling and violent behaviors.“ Campbell, the author of Generation Me: Why Today“sYoung Americans Are More Confident, Assertive, Entitledand MoreMiserable Than Ever Before , said narcissists tend to lack empathy, react aggressively with criticism and favor self-promotion over 16 helping others
10、. Some analysts have commended today“s young people for increased commitment to volunteer work. And Twenge viewed even 17 this phenomenon skeptically, noting that many high schools require community service and many youths feel pressure to list some 18 endeavors on college applications. Campbell sai
11、d the narcissism upsurge seemed so pronounced which he was unsure whether there were obvious remedies. 19 “Permissiveness seems to be a component,“ he said. “A potential antidote would be authoritative parenting. Less indulgence might be 20 called for.“ Yet students, while acknowledging some legitim
12、acy to such findings, don“t necessarily accept negative generalizations about their generation.（分数：25.00）On Feb. 2, 2007, the United Nations scientific panel studying climate change declared that the evidence of a warming trend is “unequivocal“, and that human activity has “very likely“ been the dri
13、ven force in that change over the last 50 years. The last report by 21 the group, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, in 2001, had found that humanity had “likely“ played a role. The addition of that single word “very“ did more than reflect to mounting scientific evidence that the release
14、 of carbon dioxide 22 and other heat-trapping gases from smokestacks, tailpipes and burning forests have played a central role in raising the average 23 surface temperature of earth by more than 1 degree Fahrenheit 24 in 1900. It also added new momentum to a debate that now seems 25 to center less o
15、ver that humans are warming the planet, but instead 26 over what to do about it. In recent months, business groups have banded together to make unprecedented calls to federal regulation of 27 greenhouse gases. The subject had a red-carpet moment when former Vice President A1 Gore“s documentary, “An
16、Inconvenient Truth“, was rewarded an Oscar; and the Supreme Court made its 28 first global warming-related decision, ruling 5 to 4 that the Environmental Protection Agency had not justified their position that 29 it was not authorized to regulate carbon dioxide. The latest report from the climate pa
17、nel predicted that the global temperature is likely to rise between 3.5 and 8 degrees Fahrenheit whether the carbon dioxide concentration in the 30 atmosphere reaches twice the level of 1750. By 2100, sea levels are likely to rise between 7 and 23 inches, it said, and the changes now underway will c
18、ontinue for centuries to come.（分数：25.00）Resale Price Maintenance is the name used when a retailer is compelled to sell at a price fixed by the manufacturer instead of choosing for himself how much to add on to the wholesale price he pays for his supplies. This practice is associated to the sale of 3
19、1 “branded“ goods, which now form a very considerate proportion of 32 consumers“ purchases and it has led to a great deal of controversy. Generally such articles are packed and advertised by the manufacturers, who tries to create a special image in the minds of 33 possible purchasersan image made up
20、 of the look of the article, its use, its price, or everything else that might lead purchasers to 34 ask for that brand rather for any other. If a retailer is allowed to 35 charge any price he likes he may find it worth to sell one brand at 36 “cut“ prices even though this involves a loss, because h
21、e hopes to attract customers to the shop, in where they may be persuaded to 37 buy many other types of goods at higher prices. The manufacturer of the brand that has cut fears that the retailer may be tempted to 38 reduce the services on this article, but, as if he does not there is a 39 danger that
22、 the customer becomes unsettled and is unwilling to pay the standard price of the article because he feels that he is being “done“. This may, and indeed often does, affect the reputation of the manufacturer and make him lose his market in long run. 40 （分数：25.00）专业八级-295 答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、L
23、ANGUAGE USAGE(总题数：4，分数：100.00)Humanity“s highly developed ability to communicate verbally is our essence. With our tremendous vocabulary, we would perhaps be 1 not much better off than gorillas and monkeys. Language is taken as 2 granted since it is a basic characteristic. But it is, for all its uni
24、versality, among the most powerful of human tools. “The pen is mightier than the sword.“ We define language a system of communication that is primarily 3 verbal, symbolic, dually-patterned, and arbitrary and is used by humans with common cultural expectancies. Language is also a mean to communicate
25、ideas, knowledge and emotions with other 4 individuals through the use of the body. The system of communication used is a set of codes or rules; a specific signaling system developed by humans. This signaling system consists of sounds used by individuals to express knowledge, emotions and ideas. Thi
26、s system is learned and passed on through culture 5 transmission by the teaching and the imitation of others. This system is significant so it is purely human in nature and no other species are 6 able to duplicate our system. Language is primarily verbal because it is part of the grammatical machine
27、 in humans which uses a sound, 7 phonology, to express ideas and emotions. The broadest definition for language includes much more. For 8 example, we have codes, such as Morse, flag, smoke signals, body language, and to extent even music. Computer programs include 9 special coding that can in some s
28、ense being called language. 10 （分数：25.00）解析：WithWithout解析 语义错误。根据上下文可知，人类的语言是我们的精华，是人类最强大的工具之一。而且由 would可知，此处使用了虚拟语气，因而应将 With替换成 Without，句意为“如果没有巨大的词汇量，我们不会比猩猩和猴子好多少。”解析：asfor解析 固定搭配中的介词误用。take.for granted 为固定搭配，意为“认为是理所当然的”。此处应将 as改为 for，句意为“语言被想当然地认为是人类的一个基本特征。”解析：languageas解析 介词缺失。define.as.的意思是
29、“把解释或定义为”。此处意为“我们把语言定义为一个沟通的系统。”解析：meanmeans解析 词义混淆。mean 作名词意为“平均值，中间”，根据句意可知，语言同样也是通过运用肢体同他人交流思想、知识及情感的一种方法，因此应该使用 means“方法”。解析：culturecultural解析 词性混用。此处修饰的对象为名词 transmission，应该使用形容词cultural。句意为“这个系统随着文化的传播，通过教授与模仿的方式不断被习得和传承。”解析：sobecause解析 连词误用。根据上下文语义可知，此处表示因果关系，“这个系统很重要”为结果，而“它本质上是人类的特性，没有其他物种可
30、以复制我们的这一系统”为原因，因此应该将 so改为 because。解析：a a 解析 冠词冗余。此处 sound是泛指“声音”，为不可数名词，前面不需要加冠词。解析：forof解析 介词误用。definition 与 language为所属关系，应该用介词 of，表示“某物的概念”。句意为“从广义上来说，语言包括更多的内容。”解析：toan解析 冠词缺失。to an extent 为固定搭配，意为“在一定程度上”。句意为“比如，我们还有莫斯代码、信号旗、烟雾信号、肢体语言，甚至在一定程度上还包括音乐。”解析：beingbe解析 动词形式错误。in some sense 为插入语，分析结构时可
31、忽略。can 后应接动词原形 be，句意为“电脑程序包括特殊的编码，它们在某种程度上可被称为语言。”Today“s college students are more narcissistic and self-centered than their predecessors, according to a comprehensive new study by five psychologists who worry that the trend could be harmful to personal relationships and American society. “We need
32、to stop endless repeating “You“re special“ and 11 having children repeat that back,“ said the study“s lead author, Professor Jean Twenge of San Diego State University. “Kids are self-centered enough already.“ “Fortunately, narcissism can also 12 have very negative consequences for society including
33、the breakdown of close relationships to others,“ he said. The study asserts that 13 narcissists “are more like to have romantic relationships that are 14 short-lived, at a risk for infidelity, lack of emotional warmth, and to 15 exhibit game-playing, dishonesty, and over-controlling and violent beha
34、viors.“ Campbell, the author of Generation Me: Why Today“sYoung Americans Are More Confident, Assertive, Entitledand MoreMiserable Than Ever Before , said narcissists tend to lack empathy, react aggressively with criticism and favor self-promotion over 16 helping others. Some analysts have commended
35、 today“s young people for increased commitment to volunteer work. And Twenge viewed even 17 this phenomenon skeptically, noting that many high schools require community service and many youths feel pressure to list some 18 endeavors on college applications. Campbell said the narcissism upsurge seeme
36、d so pronounced which he was unsure whether there were obvious remedies. 19 “Permissiveness seems to be a component,“ he said. “A potential antidote would be authoritative parenting. Less indulgence might be 20 called for.“ Yet students, while acknowledging some legitimacy to such findings, don“t ne
37、cessarily accept negative generalizations about their generation.（分数：25.00）解析：endlessendlessly解析 词性混用。此处被修饰的是动词 repeating，因此应该使用副词来修饰。解析：FortunatelyUnfortunately解析 语义错误。本句讲自恋会对社会产生负面影响，这应该是不幸的，而不是幸运的，故将 Fortunately改为 Unfortunately。解析：towith解析 介词误用。relationships 后面加 with，表示“与的关系”，不能使用 to。可能有的考生会以为 cl
38、ose to在这里正好是固定搭配，其实不是，close 修饰中心词 relationships，后面的介词与 close无关。解析：likelikely解析 词义混淆。like 可以作动词和介词，此处有系动词 be，那么 like应该是介词，表示“像一样”，但是放在本句中语义不通，因为本句说“研究表明，自恋者的爱情持续时间较短”，由此可见，应该使用 likely，be more likely to.表示“更可能”。解析：a a 解析 冠词冗余。at risk 表示“有风险”，是固定搭配。解析：withto解析 固定搭配中的介词误用。react to 是固定搭配，表示“对作出反应”，如果用 re
39、act with则表示“以作出反应”。此处是指“对批评作出强烈的反应”，应使用介词 to。解析：AndBut解析 连词误用。前面说“一些分析人士称赞当代年轻人越来越多地献身于志愿工作”，后句说“Twenge 对此表示怀疑，因为他看到很多高中要求学生为社区服务，而且很多大学在入学申请时要求列举这些活动，年轻人出于压力才投身于志愿工作”。可见前后两句是转折关系，不是并列关系，因此将 And改为 But。解析：somesuch解析 代词误用。这里 endeavors指代前面提到的社区服务，因此用 such表示特指。some的含义不明确。解析：whichthat解析 从句引导词误用。本句的含义是“自恋
40、趋势是如此迅猛以至于坎贝尔不确定是否还有补救措施”，使用的结构是 so.that.，因此将 which改为 that。解析：bemore解析 比较级错误。本句说“治疗自恋症的一个有效方法就是父母增加管教，减少溺爱”，这里 authoritative parenting应该是需要得更多，和后面的 Less indulgence形成对比，因此应加上 more。On Feb. 2, 2007, the United Nations scientific panel studying climate change declared that the evidence of a warming tren
41、d is “unequivocal“, and that human activity has “very likely“ been the driven force in that change over the last 50 years. The last report by 21 the group, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, in 2001, had found that humanity had “likely“ played a role. The addition of that single word “ve
42、ry“ did more than reflect to mounting scientific evidence that the release of carbon dioxide 22 and other heat-trapping gases from smokestacks, tailpipes and burning forests have played a central role in raising the average 23 surface temperature of earth by more than 1 degree Fahrenheit 24 in 1900.
43、 It also added new momentum to a debate that now seems 25 to center less over that humans are warming the planet, but instead 26 over what to do about it. In recent months, business groups have banded together to make unprecedented calls to federal regulation of 27 greenhouse gases. The subject had
44、a red-carpet moment when former Vice President A1 Gore“s documentary, “An Inconvenient Truth“, was rewarded an Oscar; and the Supreme Court made its 28 first global warming-related decision, ruling 5 to 4 that the Environmental Protection Agency had not justified their position that 29 it was not au
45、thorized to regulate carbon dioxide. The latest report from the climate panel predicted that the global temperature is likely to rise between 3.5 and 8 degrees Fahrenheit whether the carbon dioxide concentration in the 30 atmosphere reaches twice the level of 1750. By 2100, sea levels are likely to
46、rise between 7 and 23 inches, it said, and the changes now underway will continue for centuries to come.（分数：25.00）解析：drivendriving解析 非谓语动词误用。此句意为“人类活动在过去 50年的气候变化中起到推动作用。”drive 与其修饰的 force在逻辑上是主谓关系，因此应该使用动名词形式 driving。解析：to to 解析 介词冗余。reflect 在这里用作及物动词，意为“反映，表明”，后面无需加介词。解析：havehas解析 主谓不一致。此处主语是 the
47、release of carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping gases.，中心词 release是不可数名词，所以谓语动词用单数。解析：earththe解析 冠词缺失。在一些世上独一无二的东西的名称前要加定冠词，此处应为 the earth。解析：insince解析 语义错误。根据上文可知，“自 1900年以来，气温上升了 1华氏度”，而不是在 1900年，因此改为 since更合适。解析：thatwhether解析 连词误用。该句是说“当前的辩论不再集中于人类是否正在破坏地球，而是集中于我们应该做什么”，因此连词用 whether合适。解析：第二个 t
48、ofor解析 固定搭配中的介词误用。call for 是固定搭配，表示“号召”。解析：rewardedawarded解析 词义混淆。此处提到美国前副总统艾尔戈尔的纪录片尴尬的真相获得奥斯卡奖，授予奖章应该使用动词 award，而不是 reward“报答，酬谢”。解析：theirits解析 代词误用。此处代词指代的是 the Environmental Protection Agency“环保署”，是单数，因此将 their改为 its。这句话的意思是“最高法院做出了第一个有关全球变暖的决议，以 5:4的陪审团投票结果裁定：环保署未能合理解释为何其认为没有管理二氧化碳释放的权力。”解析：whet
49、herif解析 连词误用。此句说“来自气候专家小组的最新报告预测，如果大气中的二氧化碳浓度是 1750年的两倍多的话，地球温度将会上升 3.5到 8华氏度。”这里从句表示一种假设，而不是选择，因此只能使用 if引导条件状语从句。Resale Price Maintenance is the name used when a retailer is compelled to sell at a price fixed by the manufacturer instead of choosing for himself how much to add on to the wholesale price he pays for his supplies. This practice is associated to the sale of 31 “branded“ goods, which now form a very considerate proportion of 32 consumers“ purchases and it has led to
