1、专业八级-291 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、LANGUAGE USAGE(总题数：4，分数：100.00)A broad public discussion of environmental problems began in the mid-1980s, when the first “green“ groups formed in opposition to Erevan“s intense industrial air pollution and to nuclear power generation in wake of the 1986 reactor
2、 explosion at Chernobyl. 1 Environmental issues helped form the basis of the nationalist independence movement when environmental demonstrations subsequently merged with these for other political causes in the 2 late 1980s. In independent Armenia, environmental issues divide society into those who f
3、ear of “environmental time bombs“ and those who 3 view resumption of pollution-prone industrial operations as the only mean of improving the country“s economy. In the early 1990s, the 4 latter group blamed Armenia“s economic woes on a role played by 5 the former in closing major industries. In 1994
4、three national environmental laws were in effect: the Law on Environmental Protection , the Basic Law on theEnvironment , and the Law on Mineral Resources . The Council of Ministers, Armenia“s cabinet, includes a minister of the environment. Therefore, no comprehensive environmental protection 6 pro
5、gram has emerged, and decisions on environmental policy have been made on an ad hoc basis. Environmental conditions in Armenia have been worsened by the Azerbaijani blockade of supplies and electricity from outside. The results of the blockade and the failure of diplomatic efforts to lift it led the
6、 government propose reconstruction of the Armenian Atomic 7 Power Station at Metsamor, which was closed after the 1988 earthquake because of its location in an earthquake-prone area and what had the same safety problems as reactors listed as dangerous in 8 Bulgaria, Russia, and Slovakia. After heati
7、ng debates over startup 9 continued through 1993, French and Russian nuclear consultants declared operating conditions basically safe. Continuation of the blockade into 1994 gave added emergency to the decision. 10 （分数：25.00）Are you considering traveling to a native English speaking country to impro
8、ve your English languages skills at a language school in the USA? Learning a foreign language can be helpful in your career. Nowadays many companies offer on-site assignments abroad but then it is always better to know the language 11 of the country you are traveling. 12 Staying abroad also becomes
9、easier with the knowledge of the local language in day to day life. You can easily converse with people if you need information about food, hotels, calling cards, sightseeing, etc. However, it is always advisable to learn at 13 most one foreign language. 14 America established itself as a mind-blowi
10、ng continent where dreams and fantasies transpire and elevate, while offer outstanding 15 opportunities to learn the English language. Figures taken from the 2002 census indicates that 82.1% of citizens in the USA speak 16 English only. Not only is the USA overflowing with adventure, but consider ho
11、w it accelerates the economic markets. Why not to learn 17 a foreign language in our English classes and discover how this metropolis of leading stock markets makes the world go round. The USA is brimming with English language schools of excellent quality of their English classes and services from s
12、tate to state, with a 18 friendly face waiting to welcome you and teach you English 19 Language. Consider the complexity of everything the USA offers; from the sun splashed beaches of the Pacific or Atlantic Ocean wit crystal clear waters, to the soaring Rocky Mountain Range, encounter all of this w
13、hile being immerse in the sea of multiculturalism when 20 choosing the USA as your destination to improve your English language skills.（分数：25.00）To a comparative educationalist many questions about the selection and training of doctors and lawyers in different countries are questions almost without
14、meaning. Asking whether European schools are better than schools in the United States are like asking a 21 comparative anatomist whether a whale is a better mammal than an elephant. The comparative anatomist is interested in examining the similarities and differences to be found in animal or plant o
15、rgans which carry on the same function; he is very cautious, 22 therefore, about proclaiming the virtues of a device found in one 23 particular species over a device for a similar purpose found in other. 24 Of course, the anatomist knows that mammals are modified ony slowly by changes in environment
16、; like schools or colleges, no man- 25 made decisions will radically alter the structure of the functioning organism he is examining. Some will argue that this damages my analog; they may claim that the essence of human organizations lies in the fact conscious 26 acts of men and women can change the
17、m, and as history shows, overnight if need be. “But wait a moment,“ the student of the comparative anatomy of schools will say, “not overnight surely, except at the point of a bayonet or in our time under the shadow of armored vehicles and tanks.“ And such changes, he will argue, are the equivalent
18、of pathological alterations. 27 History shows that, except in conditions of threat brought about 28 by external forces, schools and colleges have developed gradually in different parts of the world in response to variety of different 29 conditions. They are a product of the society they serve for an
19、d they 30 also influence the future of this society.（分数：25.00）The United States is considered a multilingual country but it has never employed an official language policy. Even though English is clearly the dominant language, a variety of indigenous and immigrant languages are also spoken. The frame
20、rs of the Constitution purposefully decided not to select an official language because of present linguistic diversity; however, due to the German 31 community“s active involvement in the Revolution, the Continental Congress published many documents in German to facilitate communication. Ultimately,
21、 the official language was never 32 specified in the U. S. Constitution. Proponents of bilingual education felt that poor academic achievement in certain students was attributed in part to insufficient 33 English instruction. They believed that because language-minority 34 students were taught some
22、subjects in their native tongue, then these students could potentially learn English by sacrificing the 35 content. Critics of bilingual education argue that this approach of instruction facilitates native language dependency and ultimately deters their progress in English language acquisition. Bili
23、ngual advocates counter this argument in stating that bilingual instruction looks at deeper issues of cultural difference and prevents the sort of alienation often empowering in “English only“ mandates. 36 The issue of bilingual education is both complicated and controversial. The range of programs,
24、 as well as the different meanings in different states, complicate the debate. The debate 37 continues and all sides offer research and studies that are 38 diametrically opposed to one another. In 1998, California voters overwhelmingly approved Proposition 227, an initiative that basically in attemp
25、ts to eliminate bilingual education from its public 39 schools. The state of Arizona has mustered a different sentiment and 40 Mayor Giuliani of New York City has established a task force to investigate bilingual programs and the possibility of English immersion programs.（分数：25.00）专业八级-291 答案解析(总分：1
26、00.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、LANGUAGE USAGE(总题数：4，分数：100.00)A broad public discussion of environmental problems began in the mid-1980s, when the first “green“ groups formed in opposition to Erevan“s intense industrial air pollution and to nuclear power generation in wake of the 1986 reactor explosion at Chern
27、obyl. 1 Environmental issues helped form the basis of the nationalist independence movement when environmental demonstrations subsequently merged with these for other political causes in the 2 late 1980s. In independent Armenia, environmental issues divide society into those who fear of “environment
28、al time bombs“ and those who 3 view resumption of pollution-prone industrial operations as the only mean of improving the country“s economy. In the early 1990s, the 4 latter group blamed Armenia“s economic woes on a role played by 5 the former in closing major industries. In 1994 three national envi
29、ronmental laws were in effect: the Law on Environmental Protection , the Basic Law on theEnvironment , and the Law on Mineral Resources . The Council of Ministers, Armenia“s cabinet, includes a minister of the environment. Therefore, no comprehensive environmental protection 6 program has emerged, a
30、nd decisions on environmental policy have been made on an ad hoc basis. Environmental conditions in Armenia have been worsened by the Azerbaijani blockade of supplies and electricity from outside. The results of the blockade and the failure of diplomatic efforts to lift it led the government propose
31、 reconstruction of the Armenian Atomic 7 Power Station at Metsamor, which was closed after the 1988 earthquake because of its location in an earthquake-prone area and what had the same safety problems as reactors listed as dangerous in 8 Bulgaria, Russia, and Slovakia. After heating debates over sta
32、rtup 9 continued through 1993, French and Russian nuclear consultants declared operating conditions basically safe. Continuation of the blockade into 1994 gave added emergency to the decision. 10 （分数：25.00）解析：wakethe解析 固定搭配中的冠词缺失。in the wake of 为固定短语，意思是“随着而来，作为的结果”，故在 wake前加上定冠词 the。解析：thesethose解析
33、 代词误用。指代复数名词表示“那些”时通常用 those，而非 these，故将these改为 those。解析：of of 解析 介词冗余。fear 为及物动词，其后直接跟宾语，故将介词 of去掉。解析：meanmeans解析 词义混淆。means 为单数可数名词，意思是“方法，手段”，而 mean作名词时，意思是“平均值”。根据句意，应将 mean改为 means。解析：athe解析 冠词误用。该处 role被后置定语 played by the former in closing major industries修饰，可见其为特指，故将不定冠词 a改为定冠词 the。解析：Therefo
34、reHowever解析 衔接副词误用。该处衔接副词前后句的意思分别是“亚美尼亚的内阁中有环保部长”和“没有综合的环保项目出现”，这两句之间是转折关系，而此处衔接副词后面有逗号，故将 Therefore改为 However。解析：proposeto解析 动词不定式符号 to的缺失。该句中 led为 lead的过去式。lead sb. to do sth. 为固定用法，意思是“导致做”，故在 propose前加上动词不定式符号 to。解析：whatwhich解析 关系代词误用。该句为定语从句，与 and前面由 which引导的定语从句并列，先行词同为 the Armenian Atomic Pow
35、er Station at Metsamor，故将 what改为 which。解析：heatingheated解析 词义混淆。heating 的意思是“加热的，供热的”，heated 的意思是“激昂的，激烈的”，这里用来修饰名词 debates，应该用后者，故将 heating改为 heated。解析：emergencyurgency解析 词义混淆。emergency 的意思是“突发情况”，urgency 的意思是“紧急事件，紧迫性”，根据句意，此处应该表示“紧迫性”，故将 emergency改为 urgency。Are you considering traveling to a nativ
36、e English speaking country to improve your English languages skills at a language school in the USA? Learning a foreign language can be helpful in your career. Nowadays many companies offer on-site assignments abroad but then it is always better to know the language 11 of the country you are traveli
37、ng. 12 Staying abroad also becomes easier with the knowledge of the local language in day to day life. You can easily converse with people if you need information about food, hotels, calling cards, sightseeing, etc. However, it is always advisable to learn at 13 most one foreign language. 14 America
38、 established itself as a mind-blowing continent where dreams and fantasies transpire and elevate, while offer outstanding 15 opportunities to learn the English language. Figures taken from the 2002 census indicates that 82.1% of citizens in the USA speak 16 English only. Not only is the USA overflow
39、ing with adventure, but consider how it accelerates the economic markets. Why not to learn 17 a foreign language in our English classes and discover how this metropolis of leading stock markets makes the world go round. The USA is brimming with English language schools of excellent quality of their
40、English classes and services from state to state, with a 18 friendly face waiting to welcome you and teach you English 19 Language. Consider the complexity of everything the USA offers; from the sun splashed beaches of the Pacific or Atlantic Ocean wit crystal clear waters, to the soaring Rocky Moun
41、tain Range, encounter all of this while being immerse in the sea of multiculturalism when 20 choosing the USA as your destination to improve your English language skills.（分数：25.00）解析：butand解析 连词误用。该处连词前后句的意思分别是“现在很多公司提供去国外学习当地语言的课程”和“了解你要去的国家的语言会更好”。这两句话的逻辑关系是顺承，而不是转折，故将 but改为 and。解析：travelingto解析 介
42、词缺失。travel 是不及物动词，其后需加上介词 to才能接宾语，故在traveling后加上 to。解析：HoweverTherefore解析 衔接副词误用。该处衔接副词前后句的意思分别是“如果你想了解有关食品、酒店、电话卡、旅游观光等方面的信息，你可以轻松地与外国人交流”和“至少学习一门外语是可取的”。这两句话在逻辑上是因果关系，且衔接副词后有逗号，故将 However-改为 Therefore。解析：mostleast解析 语义错误。通过上下文语境可知，该处句意为“至少学习一门外语是可取的”。at least是“至少”，而 at most是“至多”，故将。most 改为 least。解
43、析：offeroffering解析 动词形式错误。这里 while的意思是“同时，当的时候”，其后为省略了主语和 be动词的现在分词结构，故将 offer改为 offering。解析：indicatesindicate解析 主谓不一致。该句的主语为 figures“数字，数据”，其为复数形式，谓语动词也应该用复数形式，故将 indicates改为 indicate。解析：to to 解析 动词不定式符号 to冗余。why not do sth. 是表示建议的句型，意思是“为什么不”，not 后接动词原形，故将动词不定式符号 to去掉。解析：theirits解析 代词误用。该句的主语为 the
44、USA，其为单数形式，物主代词应该用 its，故将their改为 its。解析：Englisththe解析 冠词缺失。English 单独使用时，意思是“英语”，为专有名词，前面不加冠词。但是当其后有 language时，其为形容词，修饰后面的名词 language，应该用 the来限定，故前面加上定冠词 the。解析：thea解析 冠词误用。in a sea of.的意思是“在的海洋中”，表示泛指，故将 the改为不定冠词 a。To a comparative educationalist many questions about the selection and training of
45、doctors and lawyers in different countries are questions almost without meaning. Asking whether European schools are better than schools in the United States are like asking a 21 comparative anatomist whether a whale is a better mammal than an elephant. The comparative anatomist is interested in exa
46、mining the similarities and differences to be found in animal or plant organs which carry on the same function; he is very cautious, 22 therefore, about proclaiming the virtues of a device found in one 23 particular species over a device for a similar purpose found in other. 24 Of course, the anatom
47、ist knows that mammals are modified ony slowly by changes in environment; like schools or colleges, no man- 25 made decisions will radically alter the structure of the functioning organism he is examining. Some will argue that this damages my analog; they may claim that the essence of human organiza
48、tions lies in the fact conscious 26 acts of men and women can change them, and as history shows, overnight if need be. “But wait a moment,“ the student of the comparative anatomy of schools will say, “not overnight surely, except at the point of a bayonet or in our time under the shadow of armored v
49、ehicles and tanks.“ And such changes, he will argue, are the equivalent of pathological alterations. 27 History shows that, except in conditions of threat brought about 28 by external forces, schools and colleges have developed gradually in different parts of the world in response to variety of different 29 conditions. They are a product of the society they serve for and they 30 also influence the future of this society.（分数：25.00）解析：第二个 areis解析 主谓不一致。该句的主语为 Asking.，其为动名词结构，视为单数，谓语动词应该用单数形式，故将 are改为 is。解析：onout
