1、专业八级-289 (1)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART LISTENIN(总题数：1，分数：10.00)B Are Families Necessary?/B As human children are unusuallyU (1) /Ufor an unusually long time, it s obvious that every society must provide a domestic context fur the children. The problem is that we assume that the family ought
2、to be the same as the family considered as parents and children. In present day English, “family“ has two meanings: 1. theU (2) /Ugroup of parents and children; 2. aU (3) /Uof relations, for example, the set of people who might be expected to turn up at a wedding or a funeral. Despite some modificat
3、ions over the last century, the wife is still presumed to be very much theU (4) /Uin a marriage, his normally the wifes career that has to be reshaped to fit the husbands, not the other way round. The dependence of children on their mother is exploited in a wholly unreasonable way to make the wife-m
4、other the slave of the household. This is all tied up with the fact that, in our industrial system, job- changing and commuting tends toU (5) /Uthe members of a family, and the harassed wife-mother finds it more and more difficult to rely on her relations for practical assistance. AsU (6) /Ubecome m
5、ore isolated, families of relations become more dispersed. Ideas about the status of women have beenU (7) /U. But perhaps they are more thoroughly enslaved to their children than before. The point is that there doesnt seem to be any solution. There is a genuineU (8) /Ubetween the fight of the woman
6、to be treated as a free and self-respecting individual, and the fight of the child to demand care and attention. We have created for ourselves three ideals: 1. social equality of men and women; 2. U(9) /Uof the marriage; 3. lifelong love and cooperation between parents and children. However, we have
7、 created a social system in which its quite impossible for these factors toU (10) /U.（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_二、BSECTION B/B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)(1).The interviewee believes that having all union employees is the_ way of operating from an employers po
8、int of view.（分数：1.00）A.simplestB.most difficultC.most tediousD.least desirable(2).Joining a union gives an employer the security of never having to worry about（分数：1.00）A.recruiting.B.productivity.C.the workforce.D.administration.(3).According to the interviewee, when an employee joins a union he bec
9、omes（分数：1.00）A.more independent.B.his own bargaining agent.C.less independent.D.more troublesome.(4).The interviewee believes that those who work for a non-union small business（分数：1.00）A.have far less freedom.B.have more freedom.C.have the same freedom.D.lose their freedom.(5).One advantage of a non
10、-union business is being able to deal directly with（分数：1.00）A.shop stewards.B.agents.C.employees.D.trade officials.三、BSECTION C/B(总题数：2，分数：5.00)(1).What was the resolution about?（分数：1.00）A.Condemning Israel for its treatment of Palestinians in the occupied territories.B.Criticizing Israel for its ra
11、cial discrimination against Palestinians.C.Condemning Israel for its random shooting at the demonstrators.D.Criticizing Israel for not allowing Palestinians to work in the occupied territories.(2).What would harm the Americans peace initiative for the Middle East?（分数：1.00）A.Israels suppression of th
12、e Palestinians in the occupied territories.B.Israeli s serious violations of human rights.C.The US veto against the UN Security Council resolution.D.The US support for expulsion of Palestinians.(3).According to the news report, those released by the Israeli authorities would be youths up to the age
13、of（分数：1.00）A.15.B.16.C.60.D.17.I Questions 9 and 10 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer each question. Now listen to the news./I（分数：2.00）(1).What accusation was leveled against a former Argentine general?（分数：1.00）A.His involvement in e
14、mbezzlement in 1970.B.His involvement in atrocities during the 1970s.C.His involvement in illegal drug traffic during the 1970s.D.His involvement in illegal arms deal in 1970.(2).Why was he wanted in Argentine?（分数：1.00）A.To stand trial on illegal drug trafficking charges.B.To stand trial on murder c
15、harges of 39 people.C.To stand trial on murder charges of 49 people.D.To stand trial on atrocity charges during 1970.四、BPART READING (总题数：5，分数：17.00)BTEXT A/BThe first pre-election poll, or straw vote, as it was then called, was conducted by the Harris bury Pennsylvanian before the 1824 presidential
16、 election. This straw vote and the many that followed it really registered nothing but local opinion; however, as communications improved and elections were won by closer and closer margins, newspapers and journals tried desperately to satisfy their readers curiosity in more reliable ways.Before the
17、 1928 elections, no fewer than 85 publications made private inquires, generally by means of questionnaires sent to subscribers and by telephone surveys. The principle common to all these inquiries was that they depended on quantity rather than quality; little effort was made to reach representatives
18、 of all segments of the population. Still, the erroneous belief persisted that the greater the number of questionnaires, the more accurate the results would be. The record was held by the American monthly Literary Digest, which sent out millions of postcards with short and pointed questions before e
19、ach election and received many hundreds of thousands of replies. In fact, in 1932, the Literary Digests forecast was off by only 1%.In view of such striking achievements, it seemed rather impertinent for the young American journalist, George Gallup, to claim that large numbers were irrelevant and th
20、at equally accurate or better predictions could be made with a small but carefully selected sample of the population and a small team of skilled interviewers.In 1936, it took Gallup a long time to convince 35 newspaper editors that his system was much cheaper than the customary mass inquiries and th
21、at it could provide surprisingly accurate predictions. The editors finally agreed, on condition that if Gallups predictions were less accurate than those obtained by the tried method of the Literary Digest, he would have to refund the entire cost of the investigation. Although the Literary Digest br
22、oke its own record by obtaining 2 million replies to its electoral postcards that year, its prediction was wrong by 19%, whereas Gallups was off .by less than 1%.Moreover, the Digest had predicted that Alfred M. Landon, the Republican candidate would obtain 56% of the votes cast, whereas Franklin D.
23、 Roosevelt was, in fact, re-elected with an unusually large majority. Gallup was one of the few political prophets who predicted this result.Suddenly Gallups name was on everyones lips, not only was he the prophet of the moment, but it was generally conceded that he had found a new and most importan
24、t scientific method of prediction. He was showered with money and commissions, and the Gallup Poll became a generic term for public opinion polls.Unlike earlier prophets, Gallup based his investigations on sociological rather than purely arithmetical calculations. He realised that the electorate is
25、made up of different social strata with differing political trends. Thus, farmers do not vote in the same way that industrial workers do, the North votes quite unlike the South, Black preferences vary from those of White persons, the interests of employers are different from those of employees, and
26、so on. There are also voting differences according to age and sex, for it appeared that older people and women tend to vote for conservative parties.Gallup usually sampled his subjects according to six factors: state, size of community, age, sex, income, and political affiliation. From time to time,
27、 other factors may be considered; during times of war, for instance, the national origins of electors may be taken into account.Only when the composition of the electorate has been accurately determined can the purely arithmetical question-how many people in each bracket must be interviewed-be solve
28、d. Once this is done, laws of probabilities take over and the more people interviewed, the more exact the estimates will be. However, above a certain maximum number of interviews, the accuracy increases by no more than a fractional percentage and where errors of up to 2% are permissible, a few thous
29、and questionnaires will accurately reflect the opinion of the total US electorate.It is true that not all Gallups predictions were as accurate as that, for of the 114 election forecasts made by the American Institute of Public Opinion between 1936 and 1944, only 19 were wrong by less than 1%; 39 wer
30、e off by between 2% and 3%; nearly half were off by more than 3%, and 6 were off by as much as 10% to 15%. The Gallup method suffered its greatest setback during the 1948 presidential election when Truman-not Gallups choice, Dewey-was elected. Before Eisenhowers election in 1952 and re election in 1
31、956 there was less doubt about the outcome, and Gallup did, in fact make fairly accurate predictions.The American results have been excelled by those obtained by Gallups British Institute of Public Opinion, which, using the same methods, has managed to forecast a number of parliamentary elections wi
32、th a margin of error of only one half of 1% . In France, too, the French Institute of Public Opinion has managed to predict parliamentary results with a margin of error that has rarely exceeded 2%.After his more than 20 years experience with surveys, it would be fair to say the Gallups method of sam
33、pling the electorate has proved most successful. Before Gallup, political predictions were no more than shots in the dark, and it is as a result of his achievement that today we can make truly scientific forecasts in this difficult field.（分数：4.00）(1).From the passage, we can learn that the Gallup Po
34、ll_.（分数：1.00）A.is based merely on sociological calculationsB.can always predict accurate resultsC.has been used in other countries other than the USD.has become the best choice in predicting scientific results(2).Gallup became famous because_.（分数：1.00）A.his system was much cheaper than the customary
35、 mass inquiriesB.he promised to refund the entire cost of the investigation if it failedC.he succeeded in predicting better presidential election resultD.he was showered with money and commissions(3).Which of the following factors concerning the electorate may NOT be considered in Gallup Poll?（分数：1.
36、00）A.Social status.B.Races.C.Nationalities.D.Intelligence.(4).Which of the following may be unnecessary in conducting Gallup Poll?（分数：1.00）A.Sampling the subjects according to different factors.B.Regulating factors according to circumstances.C.Interviewing as many people as possible.D.Using laws of
37、probability to forecast the result.BTEXT B/BAs more people live closer together, and as they use machines to produce leisure, they find that their leisure, and even their working hours, become spoilt by a by-product of their machines-namely, noise. Noise is nowadays in the news; it has acquired poli
38、tical status, and public opinion is demanding, more and more insistently, that something be done about it. So it was very appropriate that many people professionally interested in noise control should meet to discuss their common problems at a large-scale conference. In the three days of the Confere
39、nce at Teddington, 25 papers were presented; and faced with the pile of texts, whose contents ranged from sophisticated aerodynamics to general comments on the irritation expressed by neighbours, it was difficult to sort out the new ideas which remain active in ones mind six months from now, from th
40、e big mass of valuable knowledge and facts which will remain on the shelves for reference.This difficulty was faced by Mr. D. W. Robinson, head of the acoustics work at the National Physical Laboratory. His introduction elaborated the general idea that noise must be considered in relation to the soc
41、ial organism which produces it. Sound becomes annoying noise only when someones opinion has made it so. In terms of energy, it is an undesired byproduct, often an exceedingly small fraction of the main output of the machine or process which produces it, and correspondingly difficult to reduce signif
42、icantly. To control noise is going to demand much self-discipline (annoyance arises often from lack of common courtesy and imagination), a sense of proportion (there is usually a conflict of interest if a noise is to be stopped), the expenditure of money (and it is far more economical to do this ear
43、ly rather than late), and, finally, technical knowledge.Technical difficulties often arise from the subjective-objective nature of the problem. You can define the excessive speed of a motor Car in terms of a pointer reading on a speedometer. But can you define excessive noise in the same way? The re
44、sults of several large-scale experiments, involving numbers of vehicles and of listeners, show how difficult it is to fix any instrumental reading as a legal limit in a way which satisfies most of the public and yet is fair to the vehicle owner. You, find, for example, that with any existing simple
45、“noise meter“, vehicles which are judged to be equally noisy by a jury may show considerable difference on the meter.A group of papers dealt with noise, at the source-the basic origins of noise in gears, internal combustion engines, fans and jets. The prospect of a significant reduction in noise out
46、put from jet engines of the future was one of the most important questions discussed at the conference. Though the ideal cure for noise is to stop it at its source, this may in many cases be impossible. The next weapon in the anti-noise armory is to absorb it in transit to the ear.It is a common fal
47、lacy that a sound absorbent such as glass wool is opaque to sound and is therefore the best way of diminishing annoying noise from the flat next door. In a normally furnished room, lining a wall with absorbent will have little effect on the noise level built up by reverberation; and will contribute
48、hardly anything to the acoustic opacity of the wall. In a typical factory building, even if all available surfaces are covered with absorbent, the noise level is unlikely to drop by more than five decibels. A consultant will often recommend light partitioning, and partial screening round noisy machines, as a more of the Conference at Teddington, 25 papers were presented; and faced with the pile of texts, whose contents ranged from sophisticated aerodynamics to general comments on the irritation expressed by neighbours, it was difficult to sort
