1、专业八级-274 及答案解析(总分：100.05，做题时间：90 分钟)一、LISTENING COMPREHENS(总题数：0，分数：0.00)Three Concepts in Art History. Commonalities - Certain chunk of 1 , within which 2 were shared . Periodization - A combination of 3 - Periodizers use words to describe 4 . Rules of Periodization A. 5 - Newly discovered data res
2、ult in 6 in periodization B. Era - Usually long C. Period - Shorter than an era - Sometimes used 7 with era - Catch-all category - Two situations of using “period“ a) Significant ruler was dominant in a specific 8 b) Nobody was taking control whatsoever - Period may also be 9 to an artist e.g. Picas
3、so“s “blue“ and “rose“ period D. Movement - Elements of movement a) A band of artists b) X amount of time c) 10 e.g. artistic style, common enemies etc. - Impressionism a) Explore new ways of depicting 11 b) New techniques in 12 c) Support artistic efforts d) Hold their own 13 e) Make the art establ
4、ishment 14 - Short-lived - Less 15 in contemporary times （分数：30.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_Visual PerspectivePerspective in art is the way that artists represent three-dimensional objects on the two dimensions of their
5、canvas. There are two kinds of perspective and they occupy important roles in the art history. . 16 perspective The way that the 17 affects how we see things, especially distant things Makes a mountain in the distance appear to be less 18 than closer object Application: A. Realistic artists: reprodu
6、ce B. 19 : create their own special effects . Linear perspective the more 20 things are, the smaller they seem to get Example: 21 ; a line of telephone poles . “The vanishing point“ Objects get smaller and smaller as they recede, until they vanish in a point on the 22 Objects or scenes may have more
7、 than one vanishing point: A. A cube with one of its faces squarely perpendicular to us Single vanishing point: directly behind it and on the horizon B. A cube with one of its 23 facing us Two vanishing points: one for the right-hand face; one for the left-hand face C. A cube viewed from somewhat 24
8、 Three vanishing points: one to the right, one to the left, and a third one behind it . The history of perspective in art Early western art: Artists recognized the effect but failed to present it Example: the paintings inside 25 the illustrations in 26 Christian churches 13th and 14th century Revers
9、e perspective 27 : A. Linear perspective 1) Brunelleschi: conducted several 28 experiments and discovered the rules of perspective Example: a(n) 29 of San Giovanni Bapistery 2) Donatello: began using accurate linear perspective; spread it throughout Europe B. Aerial perspective Flemish and 30 master
10、s: developed the idea Example: Jan van Eyck“s “The Virgin of Chancellor Rolin“ （分数：30.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_Women-centered HistoryIn the past, most people believed that the contributions women have made to US histo
11、ry have been ignored by historians. In recent years, a new view of women“s history has emerged. It“s called “women-centered history,“ which is forcing historians to re-interpret traditional pictures of key historical events. . 31 1980s: subfield of history established Recent years: the view “women-c
12、entered history“ emerged Now: Look at women“s contribution to history “ 32 “ . Premise Females played an important part in shaping US history Women are worth 33 Prior models of history: A. “The 34 approach“ 1. Theory: a) Men were the 35 historical leaders b) Women played a secondary role at every la
13、ndmark historical event 2. Downside: neglects the 36 role of women in everyday family life B. “The victim approach“ 1. Theory: focusing on women“s 37 throughout history 2. Downside: women“s plight is overly 38 . Balance Ask the question of “What 39 ?“ Portray a fairer and more complete picture of US
14、 women“s past Best show the balance of 40 between women“s plight and women“s power Compelled historians to see certain historical processes in 41 . More 42 Sub-categories of women“s history: a) 43 b) Social status c) The history of women in 44 cultures Class divisions, race divisions, ethnic divisio
15、ns and religious divisions Women“s 45 other women （分数：40.05）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_专业八级-274 答案解析(总分：100.05，做题时间：90 分钟)一、LISTENING COMPREHENS(总题数：0，分数：0.00)Three Concepts in Art History. Commonalities - Certain chunk of
16、 1 , within which 2 were shared . Periodization - A combination of 3 - Periodizers use words to describe 4 . Rules of Periodization A. 5 - Newly discovered data result in 6 in periodization B. Era - Usually long C. Period - Shorter than an era - Sometimes used 7 with era - Catch-all category - Two s
17、ituations of using “period“ a) Significant ruler was dominant in a specific 8 b) Nobody was taking control whatsoever - Period may also be 9 to an artist e.g. Picasso“s “blue“ and “rose“ period D. Movement - Elements of movement a) A band of artists b) X amount of time c) 10 e.g. artistic style, com
18、mon enemies etc. - Impressionism a) Explore new ways of depicting 11 b) New techniques in 12 c) Support artistic efforts d) Hold their own 13 e) Make the art establishment 14 - Short-lived - Less 15 in contemporary times （分数：30.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：(elapsed) time）解析： (elapsed) time 听力原文 Three Concepts i
19、n Art HistoryGood morning everyone. Today we will continue our discussion in art history and we are going to focus on three important concepts in art: era, period and movement. The words “era,“ “movement“ and “period“ are plastered all over Art History, but I don“t recall ever, in any class, going o
20、ver what they are supposed to mean in comparison to one another. I can“t find any credible references, either, but I will do my best in my talk today to help you tell the differences between the three concepts. First, no matter whether era, period or movement is being employed in a situation, they a
21、ll mean “historic chunk of time.“ Secondly, art created during any of the three is distinguished by characteristics common to the era/period/ movement. Whichever term is being bandied about, these two factors apply. The proper name of historic classification is “periodization.“ Periodization seems t
22、o be a combination of art and science, and is only entrusted to serious professionals. It“s mostly science, as far as I can tell, because those in charge of periodizing use as many factual dates as are at their disposal. The art part comes in when the periodizers have to use words to describe dates.
23、 Someone, somewhere, is always going to disagree with somebody else“s choice of words, with an end result that, occasionally, we“ve got more than one term for the same time frame. There“s probably a strong argument for foregoing all of this English and using the Vulcan Mind Meld in this periodizatio
24、n business. Since that“s sadly not possible, here are a few rules of thumb about Art History periodization. Rule of Thumb 1: Periodization is elastic. It is subject to change ff and when new data is discovered. This is not unusual in art history, as art is open to interpretation and understanding. T
25、here is no one single answer in art or art history. Rule of Thumb 2: Regarding an Era. An era is usually long, as evidenced by the Baroque Era: around 200 years, if you count the Rococo phase. An even better example would be the Upper Late Paleolithic, an era which covered some 20,000 years“ worth o
26、f art and a bunch of geological changes. A note of warning, though. In recent years, “era“ has come to be employed with shorter blocks of time, like “the Nixon era“, but that hasn“t got much to do with Art History. Rule of Thumb 3: Regarding a Period. A period is generally shorter than an era, thoug
27、h they are sometimes used interchangeably. Going by the dictionary, a period should mean “any portion of time.“ In other words, period is a bit like the catch-all category in periodization, ff we haven“t exact dates, or the chunk of time in question was not a specific era or movement, hey“period“ wi
28、ll suffice! It seems to me that period mostly comes up in Art History when some significant ruler was calling the shots in a specific geographic location. This happened a lot in the far East; Japanese history, in particular, is chock-full of periods. Nobody was in charge of anything, as was the case
29、 during the Migration Period in the European “Dark Ages.“ To confuse things further, however, certain individuals may claim to have worked through this or that period. Picasso, for example, had himself both a “blue“ period and a “rose“ period. So, a period may also be singular to an artist though I
30、feel it would be more considerate of the rest of us to refer to such as his or her “phase“, “fling“, “passing fancy“ or “temporary insanity.“ Rule of Thumb 4: Regarding a Movement. A movement is less slippery. It means that a group of artists banded together to pursue a certain commonality for “x“ a
31、mount of time. They had a specific objective in mind when they got together, whether it was a particular artistic style, political mindset, common enemy or what have you. For example, impressionism was a movement whose participants wanted to explore new ways of depicting light and color, and new tec
32、hniques in brushwork. Additionally, they were fed up with official salon channels and the politicking that went on there. Having their own movement allowed them three things: support one another in their artistic efforts, hold their own exhibitions and cause discomfort to the Art Establishment. Move
33、ments are relatively short-lived things in Art History. For whatever reasonwhether it is mission accomplished, boredom, personality clashes, etc.artists tend to hang together for months or years and then drift apart. I think this has much to do with the solitary nature of being an artist, but that“s
34、 just my opinion. Additionally, movements don“t seem to happen as frequently in contemporary times as they used to. Be that as it may, as one traverses Art History one sees a fair amount of movements, so it“s good to know what it meant, at least. OK. I think that“s all I have for the three concepts.
35、 Let me recap. We need to know that era, period and movement all stand for “certain amounts of elapsed time, within which artistic characteristics were shared.“ This is the most important point. And I have explained the difference between the three concepts to you. In the future, when you read the a
36、rt literature and come across these terms, recall what we“ve discussed today and you“ll understand the text much better. 解析 本题考查三个概念的共同之处。讲座中提到两点，其中第一点是：都表示一段时间。填(elapsed) time。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：(artistic) characteristics）解析： (artistic) characteristics解析 第二个共同之处是：所创造的艺术都是有共同特征的。这里填(artistic)characteris
37、tics。此外，这里提醒一下考生，讲座的最后部分有总的概括，有时候一些关键的信息会再次出现。例如第一题和第二题，在讲座的结尾之处就有关键信息重现。考生应注意把握第二次的听与记的机会。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：art and science）解析： art and science解析 本题考查对 periodization(划分历史时代)的理解。讲座提到，划分历史时代是艺术和科学的融合。这里填 art and science。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：dates）解析： dates解析 录音提到，专门划分历史时代的人会使用一些文字描述相关日期。因此本题应填dates。 填空项 1:_ （
38、正确答案：Elastic）解析： Elastic解析 此题考查划分艺术时代的第一个经验法则，即艺术时代的划分是有弹性的(灵活的)。因此本题填入 Elastic。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：change）解析： change解析 讲座提到的是弹性，即：有新的数据被发现后，历史时代的划分就会改变。这里填change。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：interchangeably）解析： interchangeably解析 此题考查划分艺术时代的第三个法则的细节内容。演讲人提到，虽然时期(period)和时代(era)这两个词有时会交替使用，但是“时期”要比“时代”要短。本题填interchange
39、ably。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：geographic locatio）解析： geographic location解析 本题问的是在哪些情况下我们可以用“时期”这一概念。讲座提到，第一种情况是，当一些关键的统治者统治特定的地理位置时可以使用。因此，这里填 geographic location。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：singular）解析： singular解析 本题考查“时期”的另外一种使用情况。讲座提到，一些艺术家声称自己经历了不同的时期。因此，时期也可以指艺术家独特的阶段。填 singular。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：Specific objectives）解析：
40、 Specific objectives解析 本题问的是运动的要素有哪些。讲座中没有直接说出哪些是运动的要素，而是通过讲解运动的定义将其带出。讲座提到，运动里面的人要有明确的目标。填 Specific objectives。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：1ight and colour/color）解析： 1ight and colour/color解析 本题考查印象派运动的特点。录音提到，印象派运动的参与者想要在描绘光与色的方面上及绘画技巧上探索出新的方式。故填入 light and colour。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：brushwork）解析： brushwork解析 本题考查印象
41、派运动的目的之一。讲座继续提到，印象派运动除了要在光和色上探索，也要在绘画风格上尝试新的技巧。这里填 brushwork。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：exhibitions）解析： exhibitions解析 讲座提到，开展印象派运动可以让他们举办自己的画展。故填入名词的复数形式 exhibitions。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：uncmfortable）解析： uncmfortable解析 讲座提到，印象派运动给艺术当局造成不安。这里需将原文的 discomfort转换为形容词 uncomfortable。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：frequent）解析： frequent解析 本
42、题考查考生透彻理解信息和转换信息的能力。题目问的是当代艺术运动显得怎么样。讲座中提到的是：当代时期里艺术运动已经没有以前发生得那么频繁。考生要透彻理解这一信息，把副词 frequently 转换为形容词，这里填的是 frequent。 Visual PerspectivePerspective in art is the way that artists represent three-dimensional objects on the two dimensions of their canvas. There are two kinds of perspective and they oc
43、cupy important roles in the art history. . 16 perspective The way that the 17 affects how we see things, especially distant things Makes a mountain in the distance appear to be less 18 than closer object Application: A. Realistic artists: reproduce B. 19 : create their own special effects . Linear p
44、erspective the more 20 things are, the smaller they seem to get Example: 21 ; a line of telephone poles . “The vanishing point“ Objects get smaller and smaller as they recede, until they vanish in a point on the 22 Objects or scenes may have more than one vanishing point: A. A cube with one of its f
45、aces squarely perpendicular to us Single vanishing point: directly behind it and on the horizon B. A cube with one of its 23 facing us Two vanishing points: one for the right-hand face; one for the left-hand face C. A cube viewed from somewhat 24 Three vanishing points: one to the right, one to the
46、left, and a third one behind it . The history of perspective in art Early western art: Artists recognized the effect but failed to present it Example: the paintings inside 25 the illustrations in 26 Christian churches 13th and 14th century Reverse perspective 27 : A. Linear perspective 1) Brunelleschi: conducted several 28 experiments and discovered the rule
