1、专业八级-267 及答案解析(总分：100.05，做题时间：90 分钟)一、PART LISTENING COM(总题数：0，分数：0.00)Hot Spots in Cross Cultural Communication. 1 Conversations Modes of address 2 Levels of deference to age or social position Acceptable ways to conclude 3 . Taking Turns During Conversations Some cultures: take turns in a(n) 4 way
2、 Others: response might be regarded as a challenge or a humiliation, depending on a) the context of the conversation b) 5 c) the levels of personal knowledge/relationship Example: western give and take in a public market . Interrupting Interruption, vocal and emotional expression are considered to b
3、e the default conversational style for those considered to be equals and for 6 Northern European or American extract: argument and hostility . Use of Silence Silence: a sign of 7 and deference a sign of hostility In the west: 8 seconds silence is terribly long . Appropriate Topics of Conversation Vu
4、lgar. speak openly about money, intimate 9 issues Travelers or businessmen should learn 10 . Use of Humor In the west: use humor to 11 Some other cultures: humor is a sign of disrespect . Knowing How Much to Say In the west: less is more Some other places: a 12 wrap-up Factors to determine how much
5、to say: a) Age b) 13 c) Culture . Sequencing Elements During Conversation When to bring up more 14 When to ask for directions Ask the right question in the right way at 15 （分数：30.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_French Cultur
6、eFrench culture has been known for the resilience of its people and aesthetic sense in cinema, cuisine and fashion. There are seven aspects of French culture that can give people a taste of it. Cultural Identity A(n) 16 of diverse cultures Unique appeal: ethnicity, geography and the French language
7、Historical influence: the Franco-Prussian feud. WW and WW 17 : Chauvinism . Customs and Traditions Regional differences: linguistic tradition, 18 , fashion, etc. Renaissance: A. 19 : broad-mindedness B. Family structure: nuclear family Cultural policies: preservation of French 20 Secular and non-sec
8、ular educational institutions B. National museums C. 21 . Language and Religion Language: A. Follows a predetermined official “ 22 “ standard B. Widely spoken across the globe Religion: A. Secular B. Principle of “ 23 “ . Cuisine Haute cuisine Vital components: 24 and wine Distinctive components: cr
9、oissants and fruit yogurt Wines: Bordeaux, 25 and Bourgogne French wines . Sport National sport: 26 Popular sports: basketball, tennis and sailing Tour de France Grand Slam French Open Grand Prix racing, fencing, etc. . Fashion Dedicated couturier houses, fashion shows and dedicated media like “Elle
10、“ History: A. 1960s: youngsters criticized and 27 high fashion B. 1966: mass 28 C. Post-1968: “hippy“ look D. 1970s and 80s: new trends established E. 1990s: French couture houses were 29 under luxury giants and multinationals . Art Painting: A. The Lascaux cave paintings B. Nicolas Poussin, etc.: I
11、mmortalized 30 and French culture Music: folk, Latin American, hip hop, rock and techno-funk genres （分数：30.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_Two Cultural DimensionsCulture is the collective programming of the mind which distin
12、guishes the members of one category of people from another. There are four cultural dimensions as defined in Hofstede“s research, two of which are talked about. . Power Distance Definition: the extent to which subordinates can 31 with bosses or managers Oriental Culture: high power distance A. “Powe
13、r-oriented culture“: superiors are entitled more 32 Typical countries: Malaysia, Japan, China and India B. “The 33 culture“: subordinates respect superiors Advantage: an easy managing system Disadvantage: not favorable for 34 employees to work Western Culture: low power distance A. “The 35 culture“:
14、 each higher level has a clear and demonstrable function of holding together the level beneath it B. Leadership style: hierarchy and 36 C. Advantage: explore all the 37 of employees D. Typical countries: Germany, 38 Suggestion: managers and subordinates work together efficiently and more 39 . Uncert
15、ainty avoidance Definition: the extent to which one feels either uncomfortable or comfortable in 40 situations Uncertainty avoiding cultures: minimize the possibility of such situations A. By strict 41 , safety and security measures B. By a belief in 42 High uncertainty avoidance: Japan, China A. Pr
16、efer job 43 B. Team work instead of independent work Low uncertainty avoidance: USA, Denmark, Singapore A. High Job 44 B. Risk-talking Suggestion: pay attention to 45 set between different uncertainty avoidance （分数：40.05）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空
17、项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_专业八级-267 答案解析(总分：100.05，做题时间：90 分钟)一、PART LISTENING COM(总题数：0，分数：0.00)Hot Spots in Cross Cultural Communication. 1 Conversations Modes of address 2 Levels of deference to age or social position Acceptable ways to conclude 3 . Taking Turns During Conversations Some cultures:
18、 take turns in a(n) 4 way Others: response might be regarded as a challenge or a humiliation, depending on a) the context of the conversation b) 5 c) the levels of personal knowledge/relationship Example: western give and take in a public market . Interrupting Interruption, vocal and emotional expre
19、ssion are considered to be the default conversational style for those considered to be equals and for 6 Northern European or American extract: argument and hostility . Use of Silence Silence: a sign of 7 and deference a sign of hostility In the west: 8 seconds silence is terribly long . Appropriate
20、Topics of Conversation Vulgar. speak openly about money, intimate 9 issues Travelers or businessmen should learn 10 . Use of Humor In the west: use humor to 11 Some other cultures: humor is a sign of disrespect . Knowing How Much to Say In the west: less is more Some other places: a 12 wrap-up Facto
21、rs to determine how much to say: a) Age b) 13 c) Culture . Sequencing Elements During Conversation When to bring up more 14 When to ask for directions Ask the right question in the right way at 15 （分数：30.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：Opening and Closing）解析： Opening and Closing 听力原文 Hot Spots in Cross Cultural Co
22、mmunicationGood morning everyone. Today I am going to talk about some hot spots in cross cultural communication. When working with other people, or traveling abroad for work or pleasure, it may pay to ask some experts about the following communication styles of the area you plan to visit. A little r
23、esearch at the outset can stave off a host of misunderstandings. Today, I am going to cover right aspects and provide some heads-up in dealing with the tricky situations in cross cultural communication. 1. Opening and Closing Conversations: Different cultures may have different customs around who ad
24、dresses whom, when and how, and who has the right, or even the duty, to speak first, and what is the proper way to conclude a conversation. Think about it: no matter where you are, some ways of commencing a conversation or concluding one will be considered as rude, even disrespectful. These are arti
25、ficial customs, to a certain degree, and there is probably no universally right or wrong way to go about these things, short of behaviors that all cultures would likely consider to be vulgar or abusive. This topic includes modes of address, salutations, levels of deference to age or social position,
26、 acceptable ways to conclude gracefully and so on. Obviously, and to the dismay of many of us in the West, this will also cover gender differences. 2. Taking Turns During Conversations: In some cultures, it is more appropriate to take turns in an interactive way, and in others, it is more important
27、to listen thoroughly and without comment, without immediate response, lest a response be taken as a challenge or a humiliation, particularly depending on the context of the conversation, the audience, and the levels of personal knowledge/relationship between the two people interacting. For example,
28、a Western couple or pair of executives may feel perfectly comfortable interacting in a give and take way in a public market, but if that public market is in a part of the world where such a public display of give and take is considered to be in bad taste, then they may be giving offense without ever
29、 realizing it. 3. Interrupting: The same issues arise over the issue of interrupting. In some cultures, interruption, vocal, emotional expression, etc. are considered to be the default conversational style, particularly among those considered to be equals, or among men. Many people of Northern Europ
30、ean or American extract might mistake this kind of conversation for argument and hostility, but that would not be the case. 4. Use of Silence: In some forms of communication, silence is to be expected before a response, as a sign of thoughtfulness and deference to the original speaker, yet at other
31、times, silence may be experienced as a sign of hostility. In the West, twenty seconds of silence during a meeting is an extraordinarily long time, and people will feel uncomfortable with that. Someone invariably will break in to end the uncomfortable silence. But the same customs around silence are
32、not universal. 5. Appropriate Topics of Conversation: In some places, it is considered vulgar to speak openly about money, for example, let alone about the kinds of intimate family issues that commonly form the basis of afternoon television “talk“ shows in the West. Travelers or business people shou
33、ld learn the customs that surround the making of deals, the transaction of commerce, and the degree to which details are specified in advance and enumerated in writing across cultures. Not all places are as prone to hire lawyers and create detailed contracts as we are in the West. 6. Use of Humor. I
34、n the West, we often try to build immediate rapport through humor, but of course, this is not universally seen to be appropriate in all contexts. The use of laughter can be experienced as a sign of disrespect by some, and so it is important to understand that this is another area where misunderstand
35、ings can be very likely to occur. 7. Knowing How Much to Say: In some places, less is definitely more, whereas in other places, it is more valued to wrap a rather small point up in a longer preamble, followed by an extended wrap-up. For Westerners, this can be maddening, as we tend to value speaking
36、 directly and to the point. Then again, there are clearly circumstances where Westerners say too much and lose their ability to communicate well, depending on the context. Of course, patterns around presumed areas of deference based on age and social standing can influence how much is appropriate to
37、 say, depending on the culture. 8. Sequencing Elements During Conversation: At what point during a conversation or negotiation is it appropriate to touch upon more sensitive issues? Or how soon in a conversation is it appropriate simply to ask for directions? All cultures develop customs through whi
38、ch sensitive issues can be addressed in a way that connotes respect to all involved and those systems are all different from one another. That“s why it is important to understand the influence that sequence has on effectiveness. For us in the West, think about the process of asking, or being asked o
39、ut on a datea very Western process and one whose customs can be very fluid indeed. The right question, asked in the right way, but asked too soon or too late, according to custom, can connote very different things to the listener, and highly influence subsequent behavior. Sequencing and timing do ma
40、tter. OK. I think I have covered up the eight points, but let me remind you this is not an exhaustive checklist. Rather, it is a collection of tips for you to check against when you are dealing with people from other cultural backgrounds. Of course, these tips only set you on the direction of a ques
41、t or a research, the journey of which shall be undertaken with extensive consultancy work. 解析 本题考查讲座第一条要点内容开放式与封闭式的会话。因此本题填入 Opening and Closing，注意实词的首字母需要大写。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：Salutations）解析： Salutations解析 本题考查会话开始与结束时应涵盖的内容。讲座中一并列举了称呼的方式、打招呼、对年龄以及社会地位的尊重程度、得体结束谈话等，这里填 Salutations。讲座中并列列举的信息是常见考点，应做好详细
42、的笔记。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：Gender differences）解析： Gender differences解析 本题考查的内容与上一题是并列的，是列举信息中的最后一点，也是令许多西方人沮丧的一点：性别差异(Gender differences)。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：interactive）解析： interactive解析 讲座中提到，在一些文化中，以互动的形式轮流交谈更合适。因此本题填入interactive。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：the audience）解析： the audience解析 会话过程中的回应是否被视为挑战或羞辱取决于三点：会话的背景、观众以
43、及说话人之间的熟悉程度或关系。题目缺少的信息为 the audience。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：me）解析： men解析 本题考查对于哪部分人而言打断插话是默认的说话方式。讲座中提到两类：一类是那些被认为平等的人，另外一类是男人。故答案为 men。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：thoughtfulness）解析： thoughtfulness解析 本题考查沉默在一些文化里的象征。沉默被视为是对发言人说话的沉思和尊敬。对某一信息点的解释和定义是常见考点，要做好笔记。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：20/twenty）解析： 20/twenty解析 本题考查考生记取细节信息的能力。在西方，2
44、0 秒的沉默是十分长的。数字是常见考点，做笔记时最好用阿拉伯数字记下，可以节省时间。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：family）解析： family解析 在一些地方，某些话题被认为是粗鄙的，如公开讨论金钱，更不用说那些私人的家庭事情。记笔记时应同时记下逻辑连接词，文中的 let alone 是关键信息，提醒后面内容与前面是并列的。填空项 1:_ （正确答案：the customs）解析： the customs解析 本题关于跨文化交流的合适话题。讲座提到，游客或商务人士应该提前了解有关做生意、商务交易等的习惯。因此本题应填入 the customs。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：build i
45、mmediate rapport/relationship）解析： build immediate rapport/relationship解析 本题考查幽默在西方的作用。西方人通常会用幽默来迅速建立关系。这里填 build immediate rapport 或 build immediate relationship 均可。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：lengthy/prolonged）解析： lengthy/prolonged解析 讲座中提到一些地方很重视长篇大论地总结一个细小的观点，而且还要加一个冗长的小结(an extended wrap-up)。由于空白处前有 a，故需用 extended 的同义词 lengthy 或prolonged 替换。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：Social standing）解析： Social standing解析 本题考查决定说多少的一些因素。讲座录音提到，人的年龄、社会地位和文化会影响与他人交谈时说多少话才合适。本题应填入 Social standing。注意首字母大写。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：sensitive issues）解析： sensitive issues解析 本题考查考生对文意的理解及细节的把握。讲座提到最后一个要点对会话中的要素排序。要素包括什么时候
