1、专业八级-265 及答案解析(总分：100.05，做题时间：90 分钟)一、LISTENING COMPREHENS(总题数：0，分数：0.00)Resolving Conflict in a Multicultural Environment. Definition of culture Culture is a group which shapes a person“s 1 Cultural identities originate from race, 2 , gender, etc. . Cultural assumptions Cause of cultural conflicts:
2、 differences in values and 3 Example A: Women wrote excellent proposal but they failed in interview part They preferred to have 4 before being questioned Example B: A city in Alaska celebrated 200th year of fur Russian trader Native Indian tribe was offended The activity implied there was no 5 befor
3、e . Identifying cultural conflicts Three dimensions of cultural conflicts A. content B. 6 issues C. clash of values Three signs of identifying conflicts complex combinations of 7 about behaviors If the previous two dimensions do not resolve the conflict, then cultural differences are the root cause
4、8 still causes conflict and emotion . Resolving cultural conflicts Resolution 1: 9 the cultural dimension acknowledgment that the conflict contains a cultural dimension all sides are 10 to deal with all conflict dimensions systematic phased work is needed Four phases: A. 11 of each other“s B. Unders
5、tand cultural perception of both sides C. Know how problems are handled 12 D. Develop conflict solutions Resolution 2: Learning about other cultures Knowledge could be obtained from training programs, reading, talking and 13 Acquiring a broad knowledge of 14 , not stereotyping Resolution 3: Altering
6、 practices and procedures in the organizations 15 change is necessary to make system culturally sensitive （分数：30.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_Four Characteristics of Culture. Culture is shared Region, climate and 16 form
7、a set of values and beliefs Culture does not belong to a single individual . Culture is learned Culture is not born or 17 Culture is 18 Example: People 19 People invent better technologies People learn from the past generation . Cultures change Example: 20 vs. primitive Causes of cultural changes: t
8、he regular 21 of cultural traits Different rates of cultural changes among nations e. g. Germans are 22 to adopt new words, while French people are resistant to it Two ways of cultural changes a) Inventions within a society b) 23 cultural traits from one society to another Impact of changes: a chang
9、ed trait will affect another Reason: cultural traits are functionally 24 Example: resisted 25 opportunities for women in North America and Europe . Cultures are 26 Examples: a) Tribes in New Guinea and upper Amazon Basin were 27 b) Tribal people now buy clothes and 28 produced by multinationals Cons
10、equence: a) Societies are 29 cultural traits from the economic powers b) Small indigenous cultures have disappeared due to the shared global culture c) Major cultures will survive because of 30 and ethnocentrism （分数：30.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填
11、空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_Culture As a Barrier to CommunicationOur culture will prevent us getting our message across and receiving the full message intended by others. That“s why we need to overcome the cultural barriers in the communication. . Three levels of culture A. Outward manifestations Exa
12、mples: food, art, 31 , etc. B. 32 Invisible rules C. 33 cultural assumptions Characteristics of American culture: individualism, equality, competition, etc. . Main causes for cross-cultural misunderstanding A. The in-group/out-group distinction It allows individuals to find an 34 Tendency to blame o
13、ut-groups for troubles Tendency to 35 other groups B. Stereotyping It is a(n) 36 to reduce anxiety C. Other causes Lack of trust Lack of empathy The 37 . Skills for cross-cultural communication A. 38 Identify your attitudes, opinions, biases, etc. B. 39 Listen to others Don“t jump to conclusions Per
14、iods of silence and 40 are allowed in some cultures C. Encourage feedback Feedback allows to correct and adjust messages Feedback can help us reach 41 42 could be appropriate feedback D. 43 empathy Put ourselves in the other person“s shoes Become more sensitive to others“ needs, 44 E. Seek the 45 am
15、ong cultures Establish a bond despite cultural differences （分数：40.05）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_专业八级-265 答案解析(总分：100.05，做题时间：90 分钟)一、LISTENING COMPREHENS(总题数：0，分数：0.00)Resolving Conflict in a Multicultural Environment. Def
16、inition of culture Culture is a group which shapes a person“s 1 Cultural identities originate from race, 2 , gender, etc. . Cultural assumptions Cause of cultural conflicts: differences in values and 3 Example A: Women wrote excellent proposal but they failed in interview part They preferred to have
17、 4 before being questioned Example B: A city in Alaska celebrated 200th year of fur Russian trader Native Indian tribe was offended The activity implied there was no 5 before . Identifying cultural conflicts Three dimensions of cultural conflicts A. content B. 6 issues C. clash of values Three signs
18、 of identifying conflicts complex combinations of 7 about behaviors If the previous two dimensions do not resolve the conflict, then cultural differences are the root cause 8 still causes conflict and emotion . Resolving cultural conflicts Resolution 1: 9 the cultural dimension acknowledgment that t
19、he conflict contains a cultural dimension all sides are 10 to deal with all conflict dimensions systematic phased work is needed Four phases: A. 11 of each other“s B. Understand cultural perception of both sides C. Know how problems are handled 12 D. Develop conflict solutions Resolution 2: Learning
20、 about other cultures Knowledge could be obtained from training programs, reading, talking and 13 Acquiring a broad knowledge of 14 , not stereotyping Resolution 3: Altering practices and procedures in the organizations 15 change is necessary to make system culturally sensitive （分数：30.00）填空项 1:_ （正确
21、答案：values and identity）解析： values and identity 听力原文 Resolving Conflict in a Multicultural EnvironmentGood morning, everyone. Today I will discuss cultural dimension in conflict and its resolution in application to local government entities. The demographic and cultural attitudes of the U.S. populati
22、on are changing. Current statistical research shows that one out of four Americans is of Hispanic origin or a person of color. They would constitute the majority of the American population by the middle of the 21st century. The “melting pot“ concept never became the reality. Currently, many groups p
23、refer to maintain their traditions and beliefs and resist assimilation into Eurocentric or Anglo culture. Those demographic and perceptional changes create the necessity for governmental agencies to develop a better understanding of cultural differences and conflicts promoted by them. In today“s tal
24、k, I will briefly touch upon the definition of culture, cultural assumptions, and identify and resolve cultural conflicts. First of all, the definition of culture. Culture is a group which shapes a person“s values and identity. A single term used to define a particular culture is often exclusive. Fo
25、r example, the term “Hispanic“ does not take into account cultural differences between Cuban-Americans and Mexican-Americans. Cultural identities can stem from the following differences: race, ethnicity, gender, class, religion, country of origin and geographic region. Secondly, about cultural assum
26、ptions. Cultural conflicts arise because of the differences in values and norms of behavior of people from different cultures. A person acts according to the values and norms of his or her culture; another person holding a different worldview might interpret his or her behavior from an opposite stan
27、dpoint. This situation creates misunderstanding and can lead to conflict. Often people of the mainstream America, the Anglo culture, perceive their behaviors and beliefs as an ultimate norm, forgetting that Anglo culture is just one of the multiple cultures existing in the USA. They are often unable
28、 to perceive their own cultural distinctiveness. For example, a group of women wrote an excellent and detailed proposal, but did badly during the interview part of the evaluation. It happened because those women came from a culture where establishing personal relationships precedes business relation
29、ships. These women felt uncomfortable when government officials did not allow time for casual conversation and immediately moved toward firing questions at them. The following case exemplifies how unintentionally one cultural group can hurt the feelings of the other. The city of Kenai, Alaska was pl
30、anning a celebration of 200 years since the first Russian fur traders came to the region. A Native Indian tribe which lived in Alaska for a thousand years was offended by the implication that before the Russians came to the region there was no civilization there. As a result the celebration turned t
31、o a year-long event and Native Indian culture became its basis. By the end of the celebration, the Kenai Bicentennial Visitors and Cultural Center was completed. Thus, accommodation of different cultural interests helped the region to recognize its historical past. Thirdly, identifying cultural conf
32、licts. Cultural conflict has three dimensions. To the two dimensions that every conflict hascontent and relationalcultural conflict adds the third one“a clash of cultural values.“ This third dimension constitutes the foundation of the conflict since it determines personal identity. Cultural conflict
33、 can be identified by the following signs: (1) it usually has complicated dynamics. Cultural differences mentioned above tend to create complex combinations of expectations about one“s own and others“ behaviors. (2) If addressing content and relational issues does not resolve the conflict, it can be
34、 rooted in cultural differences. (3) Conflict reoccurs or raises strong emotions even though the issue of disagreement is insignificant. Finally, when we identify the cultural conflicts, how could we resolve them? The resolution of cross-cultural conflict begins with identifying whether cultural iss
35、ues are involved. There are three ways of cross-cultural conflict resolution. Resolution 1: Probing for the cultural dimension. The resolution process should start from the parties“ acknowledgment that their conflict contains a cultural dimension. Next, there should be willingness on all sides to de
36、al with all conflict dimensions including the cultural one. Third, systematic phased work on the conflict is needed. One expert has identified four phases: (1) the parties describe what they find offensive in each other“s behavior; (2) they get an understanding of the other party“s cultural percepti
37、ons; (3) they learn how the problem would be handled in the culture of the opponent; (4) they develop conflict solutions. Resolution of the conflict is particularly complicated if the conflict arose not just out of misunderstanding of the other“s behavior, but because of incompatible values. Resolut
38、ion 2: Learning about other cultures. People can prevent cross-cultural conflicts by learning about cultures that they come in contact with. This knowledge can be obtained through training programs, general reading, talking to people from different cultures, and learning from past experiences. Impor
39、tant aspects of cultural education are understanding your own culture and developing cultural awareness by acquiring a broad knowledge of values and beliefs of other cultures, rather than looking at them through the prism of cultural stereotypes. Resolution 3: Altering organizational practices and p
40、rocedures. Often the organizational structure reflects the norms of just one culture and inherits the cultural conflict. In such cases, structural change becomes necessary to make the system more. sensitive to cultural norms of other people. All right. In closing, I would like to reiterate that conf
41、lict, depending on the outcome, can be a positive or negative experience for an organization. With changing demographics, cultural differences become an acute issue. Many groups resist assimilation and wish to preserve their cultural distinctiveness, which makes cultural conflict education an essent
42、ial tool for maintaining healthy relations in organizations and society in general. I hope my talk today has helped detect the cultural conflicts and you will be able to resolve them with ease. 解析 本题考查文化的定义。讲座提到，文化塑造了个人的价值观与身份。故填 values and identity。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：ethnicity）解析： ethnicity解析 本题考查文化认同的
43、来源。录音提到，文化认同来源于以下几点：种族、民族、性别、阶级、宗教、出生地和地理区域。根据提纲提示，本题应填入 ethnicity。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：orms of behavio(u)r）解析： norms of behavio(u)r解析 本题考查文化冲突的原因。文化冲突发生的原因是不同文化的人们有不同的价值观和行为准则。因此本题填入 norms of behavior/behaviour。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：casual conversatio）解析： casual conversation解析 由“女士们会因政府官员没有留出时间闲谈就直接提问而感到不舒服”，可推
44、知女士们喜欢闲聊(casual conversation)之后再进入提问环节。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：civilizatio）解析： civilization解析 根据讲座，200 周年的庆典活动会使当地的印第安部落觉得被冒犯，因为活动暗示着在俄国人来到这片区域之前当地没有文明。故填 civilization。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：relational）解析： relational解析 本题是细节题，考查文化冲突的三个维度，分别是内容、关系和文化价值观的冲突。故答案为 relational。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：expectations）解析： expectations解
45、析 本题考查识别文化冲突的第一个标志。讲座中提到文化差异往往会产生复杂的行为期待组合。故填 expectations，注意用复数。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：Insignificant disagreement）解析： Insignificant disagreement解析 本题是原文“即使分歧微不足道，冲突也会再现或激起更强烈的情绪”的同义转换，考查综合理解能力。答案为 Insignificant disagreement。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：probing for）解析： probing for解析 本题考查解决文化冲突的第一个办法探索文化维度。因此，结合下面对应的提纲内容，
46、应填入 probing for。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：willing）解析： willing解析 本题涉及探索文化维度的第二个步骤，即各方都必须有意愿去处理冲突的各个维度。此处需将 willingness 转换为 wining。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：Identify offensive behaviors/Describe offensive behaviors）解析： Identify offensive behaviors/Describe offensive behaviors解析 根据原文 describe what they find offensive in each other“s behavior，此处需要考生进行归纳，填 Identify offensive behaviors 或 Describe offe
