1、专业八级-265 (1)及答案解析(总分：98.96，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART LISTENIN(总题数：4，分数：19.00).Urban problems1) problems to both developed and developing countries, like (1) _ etc.2) problems peculiar to developing countries: the need to create (2) _. Main consequences of uncontrolled urbanization1) (3) _ of people from th
2、e country to the city2) (4) _of rural areas3) urban population (5) _4) pressure on the supply of social services in urban areas- health: (6) _ made worse by overcrowding people from the country to the city- education: need for more schools and (7) _5) an excess of labor supply, which in turn leads t
3、o (8) _ activities. Policies to stem uncontrolled urbanization in developing countries1) to promote a more equal (9) _2) to improve the supply of social services in the rural areas, particularly in health and education3) to give (10) _ to agriculture, especially to small land owners（分数：10.00）(1).（分数
4、：1.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_BSECTION B/BIQuestions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions.Now listen to the news./I（分数：4.96）(1).Which of the following st
5、atements is TRUE about the research Dr. Smith and his colleagues have been doing?（分数：0.62）A.They try to help cancer patients overcome fright.B.They help doctors become sensitive to patients feelings.C.They have been doing the research for five years.D.There are totally five of them in the research p
6、rogram.(2).What does Dr. Smith think about doctors ability to communicate bad news?（分数：0.62）A.Some of the doctors are born with the ability.B.Most doctors can develop the ability naturally by i0teracting with patients.C.Some doctors dont deem this ability important.D.Doctors can acquire the ability
7、over time by following good models and practicing.(3).According to Dr. Smith, doctors had better _ if his cancer has come back.（分数：0.62）A.ask the patient about his expectation firstB.ask the patient about his past experience with cancer firstC.tell the patient directlyD.tell the patient everythings
8、OK(4).Which of the following should NOT doctors do when telling the bad news?（分数：0.62）A.To use the patients language.B.To be direct and concrete.C.To distance themselves from the patient.D.To show empathy for the patient.(5).Dr. Smiths motivation to do the research comes from _.（分数：0.62）A.his experi
9、ence with many cancer patientsB.his mothers deathC.his conversation with a senior physicianD.his experience as an oncology trainee_IQuestions 7 to 8 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer each question.Now listen to the news./I（分数：2.00）(1
10、).Which of the following statements about the Church of the Nativity is NOT true?（分数：1.00）A.Its located in Bethlehem.B.Its on the birthplace of Jesus Christ.C.Its on Manger Square.D.Less people visited it at Christmas time than a decade ago.(2).Less pilgrims go to Bethlehem this year because _.（分数：1
11、.00）A.they are afraid of violenceB.they are forbidden to go thereC.there is great economic crisis thereD.citizens there are fleeing the cityIQuestions 9 to 10 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer each question.Now listen to the news./I（
12、分数：2.00）(1).European Commission President and other top commissioners are going to Washington to ask the American government to _.（分数：1.00）A.stick to their promisesB.make compromisesC.help themD.go on with talks(2).Doha round of world trade talks broke down last year because the U.S. government did
13、not agree to _.（分数：1.00）A.cooperate with other countriesB.open its agricultural marketC.cut subsidies to farmersD.help other countries二、BPART READING (总题数：7，分数：20.00)BTEXT A/BCritics and supporters of the United Nations have sometimes seen worlds apart. But since last year, almost all of them, wheth
14、er multilateralist or unilateralist, American or European, have come to agree that the organization is in crisis. This week, a blue ribbon panel commissioned by the bodys secretary-general, Kofi Annan, released its report on what to do about it.The U. N. s sorry state became most obvious with the Ir
15、aq war. Those favoring the war were furious that after a decade of Security Council resolutions, including the last-chance Resolution 1441 threatening “serious consequences“ if Iraq did not prove its disarmament, the U. N. could not agree to act. Anti-war types were just as frustrated that the world
16、 body failed to stop the war. But Iraq was not the U. N.s only problem. It has done little to stop humanitarian disasters, such as the ongoing horror in Sudan. And it has done nothing to stop Irans and North Koreas pursuit of nuclear weapons.Recognizing the danger of irrelevance, Mr. Annan last year
17、 told a 16-member panel, composed mainly of former government ministers and heads of government, to suggest changes. These fall broadly into two categories: the institutional and the cultural. The former has got most of the headlines - particularly a call for changing the structure of the Security C
18、ouncil. But changes in the U. N. s working practices are crucial too.Everyone agrees that the Security Council is an unrepresentative relic: of its 15 seats, five are occupied by permanent, veto-wielding members (America, Russia, China, Britain and France) and ten go to countries that rotate every t
19、wo years and have no veto. But that the councils composition is a throwback to the world order immediately after the Second World War has been agreed on for decades, without any success in changing it. Japan and Germany, the secondand thirdbiggest contributors to the U.N. budget, believe they are en
20、titled to permanent seats. So does India, the worlds second-most- populous country, and Brazil, Latin Americas biggest. Unlike in previous efforts, these four have finally banded together to press their case. And they are joined in spirit by the Africans, who want two seats for their continent.But e
21、ach aspirant has opponents. Italy opposes a permanent seat for Germany, which would make Italy the only biggish European power. It instead proposes a single seat for the European Union, a non- starter since this would require Britain and France to give up theirs, and regional institutions cannot be
22、U.N. members under the current U.N. Charter. Spanish-speaking Mexico and Argentina do not think Portuguese-speaking Brazil should represent Latin America, and Pakistan strongly opposes its rival Indias bid. As for potential African seats, Egypt claims one as the representative of the Muslim and Arab
23、 world. That would leave Nigeria, the continents most populous country, and South Africa, which is richer and a more stable democracy, fighting for the other.The panel has proposed two alternatives. The first would give six countries ( none is named but probably Germany, Japan, India, Brazil and two
24、 African countries) permanent seats without a veto, and create three extra non-permanent seats, bringing the total number of council members to 24. The second, which would expand the council by the same number of seats, creates a new middle tier of members who would serve for four years and could be
25、 immediately re-elected, above the current lower tier of two-year members, who cannot be re-elected. The rivals to the would-be permanent members favor this option.While Security Council reform may be the most visible of the proposals, the panel has also shared its views on the guidelines on when me
26、mbers may use force legally, tinder the U. N. Charter, they can do so in two circumstances only: Article 51 allows force in a clear case of self-defense, and Chapter permits its use when the Security Council agrees. While the panelists have not proposed major changes to these two parts of the Charte
27、r, they have offered refinements.Though the Charter was written to govern war between countries, the panel argues that even without revision, Chapter lets the Security Council authorize force for more controversial, modem reasons like fighting terrorists and intervention in states committing humanit
28、arian horrors. It even considers “preventive“ wars against serious but non-imminent threats potentially justifiable.But the panel also says any decision to use force must pass five tests: the threat must be grave; the primary purpose must be to avert the threat; force must be a last resort; means mu
29、st be proportional; and there must be a reasonable chance that force will succeed without calamitous consequences. All common-sense stuff, but the panel proposes making these tests explicit (if subjective and unofficial), thus raising the quality of debate about any decision to go to war.On top of t
30、his, the report urges the U.N. to make better use of its assets in the fight against terrorism. One of the obstacles to an effective counter-terrorism strategy has been U.N. members inability to agree on a definition of terrorism. The panel tries to help by defining it as “any action that is intende
31、d to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians or non-combatants“; Arab countries may continue to press for exemptions in the case of “foreign occupation“. The report also deals with what it sees as a possible “cascade of nuclear proliferation“ in the near future. It recommends creating more i
32、ncentives for countries to stop enriching uranium.（分数：6.00）(1).What can be inferred about the U. N. in the Iraq war?（分数：1.00）A.It was efficient in controlling the damage brought by the war.B.It was active in preventing Iraq from pursuing nuclear weapons.C.It met the expectations of neither the pro-w
33、ar side nor the anti-war side.D.It was brought into crisis on account of the war.(2).Which of the following is TRUE about the structure of Security Council?（分数：1.00）A.It may lead to chaos of world order.B.There has been no attempt to change it.C.Countries often unite to ask for permanent seats.D.The
34、re are always negative forces for each attempt to change it.(3).The middle tier of members in the proposed structural changes of the U. N. would _.（分数：1.00）A.have a vetoB.be permanentC.be elected again every four yearsD.comprise 9 members(4).“.they have offered refinements“ in paragraph 7 means that
35、 _.（分数：1.00）A.the panelists have attempted to make changes to the CharterB.the panelists have proposed minor alternatives to the CharterC.the panelists have examined the Charter thoroughly enoughD.the panelists have made the Charter more logical in expression(5).The panel report includes all EXCEPT
36、_.（分数：1.00）A.analysis of current crisis of the U. N.B.suggestion regarding structural changes to the U. N.C.revision to the U. N. Charter concerning legal use of forceD.advice on use of the U. N. budget in anti-terrorism(6).Whats the main topic of the passage?（分数：1.00）A.The current crisis of the U.
37、N.B.Suggestion on changes in working practices of file U. N.C.Improvement in the efficiency of the U. N.D.The U. N. in the Iraq war.1.BTEXT B/BResearchers investigating brain size and mental ability say their work offers evidence that education protects the mind from the brains physical deterioratio
38、n.It is known that the brain shrinks as the body ages, but the effects on mental ability are different from person to person. Interestingly, in a study of elderly men and women, those who had more education actually had more brain shrinkage.“That may seem like bad news,“ said study author Dr. Edward
39、 Coffey, a professor of psychiatry and of neurology at Henry Ford Health System in Detroit. However, he explained, the finding suggests that education allows people to withstand more brain-tissue loss before their mental functioning begins to break down.The study, published in the July issue of Neur
40、ology, is the first to provide biological evidence to support a concept called the “reserve“ hypothesis, according to the researchers. In recent years, investigators have developed the idea that people who are more educated have greater cognitive reserves to draw upon as the brain tissue to spare.Ex
41、amining brain scans of 320 healthy men and women aged 66 to 90, researchers found that for each year of education the subjects had, there was greater shrinkage of the outer layer of the brain known as the cortex. Yet on tests of cognition and memory, all participants scored in the range indicating n
42、ormal.“Everyone has some degree of brain shrinkage,“ Coffey said. “People lose (on average) 2.5 percent adecade starting at adulthood.“There is, however, a “remarkable range“ of shrinkage among people who show no signs of mental decline, Coffey noted. Overall health, lie said, accounts for some diff
43、erences in brain size. Alcohol or drug use, as well as medical conditions such as diabetes and high blood pressure, contribute to brain-tissue loss throughout adulthood.In the absence of such medical conditions, Coffey said, education level helps explain the range of brain shrinkage exhibited among
44、the mentally-fit elderly. The more-educated can withstand greater loss.Coffey and colleagues ganged shrinkage of the cortex by measuring the cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the brain. The greater the amount of fluid means the greater the cortical shrinkage. Controlling the health factors that contri
45、bute to brain injury, the researchers found that education was related to the severity of brain shrinkage. For each year of education from first grade on, subjects had an average of 1.77 milliliters more cerebrospinal fluid around the brain.For example, Coffeys team reported, among subjects of the s
46、ame sex and similar age and skull size, those with 16 years of education had 8 percent to 10 percent more cerebrospinal fluid compared with those who had four years of schooling.Of course, achieving a particular education level is not the definitive measure of someones mental capacity. And, said Cof
47、fey, education can be “a proxy for many things“. More-educated people, he noted, are often less likely to have habits, such as smoking, which harm overall health. But Coffey said that his teams findings suggest that like the body, the brain benefits from exercise. “The question is whether by continuing to exercise the brain we can forestall the effects of (brain shrinkage) ,“ he said. “My hunch is that we can.“According to Coffey, people should strive throughout life to keep their brains alert by exposing themselves to new experiences. Traveling is one way to stimula
