1、专业八级-54 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART LISTENIN(总题数：1，分数：10.00)BThe Double Nature of Literary Translation/BB. Introduction/BNew tendency: combination of two theoriesB. Translation is a(n)U (1) /U./B (1) _ A. Reproduce message through transformation ofU (2) /U (2) _B. Focus of studyDescription of
2、 process of translationStructures and forms of languageC. AimTo reveal theU (3) /Uinherent in translating (3) _ D. Procedures for a translatorComprehend theU (4) /Uof the whole work (4) _ Reproduce the original by using correspondingU (5) /U (5) _and properU (6) /Uof translation (6) _ B. Translation
3、 is a(n)U (7) /U./B (7) _ A. Translation is theU (8) /Uof a literary work. (8) _B. Three qualifications of a translator:Competence in two languagesThoroughU (9) /Uof the original (9) _Knowledge of the basicU (10) /Uand methods of translation (10) _ （分数：10.00）(1).（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_
4、填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_二、BSECTION B/B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)I Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the interview./I（分数：5.00）(1).In his research, what did Peter Wil
5、liams find about training in small firms?（分数：1.00）A.They spend too little on training.B.They are unaware of their training expenses.C.They receive state subsidies for training.D.They increase their training budgets.(2).Small firms do not have specific training budgets because（分数：1.00）A.they do not w
6、ant to invest in training.B.they do not have time to provide training.C.they do not plan their training.D.they do not have professional guidance.(3).When calculating the cost of in-house training, many small firms do not include（分数：1.00）A.course fees.B.managers time.C.accountants costs.D.travel expe
7、nses.(4).Above all else, small businesses want training that（分数：1.00）A.will answer their short-term needs.B.does not require immediate investment.C.will help their planning procedures.D.will focus on long-term business needs.(5).The first university courses for small companies will deal with（分数：1.00
8、）A.business growth.B.computing needs.C.structural change.D.managerial skills.三、BSECTION C/B(总题数：4，分数：5.00)1.I Question 9 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item ,you will be given 10 seconds to answer the question. Now listen to the news./I（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.2.I Question 6 is based
9、 on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the question. Now listen to the news./I（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.3.I Question 10 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item ,you will be given 10 seconds to answer the question. Now listen to the news
10、./I（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.IQuestions 7 and 8 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the two questions. Now listen to the news./I（分数：2.00）(1).Where did this accident happen?（分数：1.00）A.In the capital Buenos Aires.B.Near the beach resort o
11、f Mar del Plata.C.Near Dolores.D.Not mentioned.(2).How many people were on the bus?（分数：1.00）A.18.B.50.C.2.D.63.四、BPART READING (总题数：7，分数：20.00)BTEXT A/BFew modern travel writers excite more hostility and awe than Sir Wilfred Thesiger, who died in 2003. Despising the “drab uniformity of the modern wo
12、rld“, Sir Wilfred slogged across Africa and Asia, especially Arabia, on animals and on foot, immersing himself in tribal societies. He delighted in killing-lions in Sudan in the years before the second world war, Germans and Italians during it. He disliked “soft“ living and “intrusive“ women and rev
13、ered murderous savages, to whom be gave guns. He thought educating the working classes a waste of good servants. He kicked his dog. His journeys were more notable as feats of masochistic endurance than as exploration. Yet his first two books, Arabian Sands, about his crossing of the Empty Quarter, a
14、nd The Marsh Arabs, about southern Iraq, have a terse brilliance about them. As records of ancient cultures on the point of oblivion, they are unrivalled.Sir Wilfreds critics invariably sing the same chorus. They accuse him of hypocrisy, noting that his part-time primitive lifestyle required a priva
15、te income and good connections to obtain travel permits. They argue that he deluded himself about the motives of his adored tribal companions. In Kenya, where he lived for two decades towards the end of his life, his Samburu “sons“ are calculated to have fleeced him of at least $ 1m. Homosexuality,
16、latent or otherwise, explains him, they conclude, pointing to the photographs he took of beautiful youths.This may all be true, but it does not diminish his achievements. Moreover, he admits as much himself in his autobiography and elsewhere, in 1938, before his main travels, for example, Sir Wilfre
17、d wrote of his efforts to adopt foreign ways:“ I dont delude myself that I succeed but I get my interest and pleasure trying.“In this authorised biography, Alexander Maitland adds a little colour to the picture, but no important details. He describes the beatings the explorer suffered at his first b
18、oarding school. Quoting from Sir Wilfreds letters, he traces the craggy travelers devotion to his dead father, his mother and three brothers. At times, Sir Wilfred sounds more forgiving, especially of friends, and more playful than his reputation has suggested. As for his sexuality, Mr. Maitland ref
19、ers coyly to occasional “furtive embraces“, presumably with men. Wearisome as this topic has become, Mr. Maitland achieves nothing by skirting it; and his allusion to Sir Wilfreds “almost too precious“ relationship with his mother is annoyingly vague.There may be a reason why Mr. Maitland struggles
20、for critical distance. He writes that he and Sir Wilfred were long-standing friends, but he fails to mention that he collaborated with the explorer on four of his books and later inherited his London flat. If Mr. Maitland found it so difficult to view his late friend and benefactor objectively, then
21、 perhaps he should not have tried. An earlier biography by Michael Asher, who scoured the deserts to track down Sir Wilfreds former fellow travellers, was better; Mr. Maitland seems to have interviewed almost nobody black or brown.His book is, however, a useful companion to the explorers autobiograp
22、hy, The Life of My Choice. Hopefully, it will also refer readers back to Sir Wilfreds two great books, and to sentences as lovely as this:“ Memories of that first visit to the Marshes have never left me: firelight on a half-turned face, the crying of geese, duck flighting in to feed, a boys voice si
23、nging somewhere in the dark, canoes moving in procession down a waterway, the setting sun seen crimson through the smoke of burning reed-beds, narrow waterways that wound still deeper into the Marshes.“（分数：5.00）(1).Which of the following is TRUE of Sir Wilfred Thesiger?（分数：1.00）A.He enjoyed killing
24、lions, tigers, etc.B.He loved unintrusive women.C.He advocated educating servants.D.He longed for primitive life.(2).Sir Wilfred Thesigers behavior has called forth some criticism partly because（分数：1.00）A.his behavior doesnt comfort to his words.B.he lived in Kenya for twenty years.C.he earned $ 1m
25、in Kenya.D.he loved tribal friends.(3).How does Sir Wilfred respond to the critics?（分数：1.00）A.He simply ignores their criticism.B.He acknowledges the criticism is well-grounded.C.He doesnt defend himself.D.He tries to establish relationship with foreigners.(4).In Alexander Maitlands writing, Sir Wil
26、fred Thesiger is all but（分数：1.00）A.a devoted son.B.a tolerant friend.C.a cunning man.D.a naughty man.(5).Which of tile following is mentioned in Alexander Maitlands. writing?（分数：1.00）A.Sir Wilfred Thesigers unhappy college life.B.His good relationship with Sir Wilfred.C.How he contacted Sir Wilfreds
27、 former fellow travelers.D.What he inherited from Sir Wilfred.4.BTEXT B/BWhat makes for a successful invasion? Often, the answer is to have better weapons than the enemy. And, as it is with people, so it is with plantsat least, that is the conclusion of a paper published in Biology Letters by Naomi
28、Cappuccino, of Carleton University, and Thor Arnason, of the University of Ottawa, both in Canada.The phenomenon of alien species popping up unexpected parts of the world has grown over the past few decades as people and goods become more mobile and plant seeds and animal larvae have hitched along f
29、or the ride. Most such aliens blend into the ecosystem in which they arrive without too much fuss. (Indeed, many probably fail to establish themselves at allbut those failures, of course, are never noticed.) Occasionally, though, something goes bananas and starts trying to take the place over, and a
30、n invasive species is born. Dr. Cappuccino and Dr. Arnason asked themselves why.One hypothesis is that aliens leave their predators behind. Since the predators in their new homelands are not adapted to exploit them, they are able to reproduce unchecked. That is a nice idea, but it does not explain w
31、hy only certain aliens become invasive. Dr. Cappuccino and Dr. Arnason suspected this might be because native predators are sometimes “pre-adapted“ to the aliens defences, but in other cases they are not.To test this, they had first to establish a reliable list of invaders. That is not as easy as it
32、 sounds. As they observe, “although there are many lists of invasive species published by governmental agencies, inclusion of a given species in the lists may not be entirely free of political motivation“. Instead, they polled established researchers in the field of alien species, asking each to lis
33、t ten invasive species and, for comparison, ten aliens that just rubbed along quietly with their neighbours. The result was a list of 21 species widely agreed to be invasive and, for comparison, 18 non-invasive aliens.Having established these lists, they went to the library to find out what was know
34、n about the plants chemistry. Their aim was to find the most prominent chemical weapon in each plant, whether that weapon was directed against insects that might want to eat the plant, bacteria and fungi that might want to infect it, or other plants that might compete for space, water, nutrients and
35、 light. Botanists know a lot about which sorts of compounds have what roles, so classifying constituent chemicals in this way was not too hard.The researchers then compared the chemical arsenals of their aliens with those of native North American plants, to see if superior (or, at least, unusual) we
36、aponry was the explanation for the invaders success. Their hypothesis was that highly invasive species would have chemical weapons not found in native plants, and which pests, parasites and other plants would therefore not have evolved any resistance to. The more benign aliens, by contrast, were pre
37、dicted to have arsenals also found in at least some native species.And so it proved. More than 40% of the invasive species had a chemical unknown to native plants, just over 10% of the non-invasive aliens had such a chemical. Moreover, when they looked at past studies on alien plants that had examin
38、ed how much such plants suffer from the depredations of herbivorous insects, they found that the extent of the damage reported was significantly correlated with the number of native species with which that alien shared its principal chemical weapon.For alien plants, then, the real secret of successa
39、lso as in human warfareis surprise. It is not that the chemicals concerned are more toxic in any general sense (indeed, successful invaders are often rare in their own native habitats). Rather, it is that the locals just dont see them coming._BTEXT B/BWhat makes for a successful invasion? Often, the
40、 answer is to have better weapons than the enemy. And, as it is with people, so it is with plantsat least, that is the conclusion of a paper published in Biology Letters by Naomi Cappuccino, of Carleton University, and Thor Arnason, of the University of Ottawa, both in Canada.The phenomenon of alien
41、 species popping up unexpected parts of the world has grown over the past few decades as people and goods become more mobile and plant seeds and animal larvae have hitched along for the ride. Most such aliens blend into the ecosystem in which they arrive without too much fuss. (Indeed, many probably
42、 fail to establish themselves at allbut those failures, of course, are never noticed.) Occasionally, though, something goes bananas and starts trying to take the place over, and an invasive species is born. Dr. Cappuccino and Dr. Arnason asked themselves why.One hypothesis is that aliens leave their
43、 predators behind. Since the predators in their new homelands are not adapted to exploit them, they are able to reproduce unchecked. That is a nice idea, but it does not explain why only certain aliens become invasive. Dr. Cappuccino and Dr. Arnason suspected this might be because native predators a
44、re sometimes “pre-adapted“ to the aliens defences, but in other cases they are not.To test this, they had first to establish a reliable list of invaders. That is not as easy as it sounds. As they observe, “although there are many lists of invasive species published by governmental agencies, inclusio
45、n of a given species in the lists may not be entirely free of political motivation“. Instead, they polled established researchers in the field of alien species, asking each to list ten invasive species and, for comparison, ten aliens that just rubbed along quietly with their neighbours. The result w
46、as a list of 21 species widely agreed to be invasive and, for comparison, 18 non-invasive aliens.Having established these lists, they went to the library to find out what was known about the plants chemistry. Their aim was to find the most prominent chemical weapon in each plant, whether that weapon
47、 was directed against insects that might want to eat the plant, bacteria and fungi that might want to infect it, or other plants that might compete for space, water, nutrients and light. Botanists know a lot about which sorts of compounds have what roles, so classifying constituent chemicals in this
48、 way was not too hard.The researchers then compared the chemical arsenals of their aliens with those of native North American plants, to see if superior (or, at least, unusual) weaponry was the explanation for the invaders success. Their hypothesis was that highly invasive species would have chemical weapons not found in native plants, and whic
