1、专业八级-37 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART LISTENIN(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Characteristics of a Bureaucracy People usually hold negative opinion towards bureaucracy, but according to Max Weber, bureaucracy has live characteristics, which entail both positive and negative influences on the society. BDivision
2、 of Labor/B Specialized experts are employed in each position to perform specific tasks. Positive influence: becoming highly skilled and working with 1 _. 1. _. Negative influence: Trained incapacity: workers become so specialized that they develop blind spots and cannot notice 2 _. 2. _. Serious th
3、reat to the unemployed. Sex discrimination due to unnecessary distinctions between men and women. BHierarchy of Authority/B Each position is under supervision of a U3 /U 3. _. Positive influence: bringing women advantage at lower levels of bureaucracy. Negative influence: preventing women from being
4、 promoted to higher positions Women are viewed more as U4 /U than as innovators, not aggressive enough 4. _. to serve in higher management posts. BWritten Rules and Regulations/B All the work in a bureaucracy is carried out in accordance to specific rules and regulations. Positive influence: Ensurin
5、g U5 /U of every task 5. _. Offering employees clear job performance standards. Creating a sense of U6 /U in a bureaucracy. 6. _. Negative influence: Leading to goal displacement, i.e. rules becoming more important than achieving certain objective. U 7 /U 7. _. Duty is carried out without personal c
6、onsideration of people as individuals. Positive influence: ensuring U8 /U of each person 8. _. Negative influence: leading to cold and uncaring feelings of modern organizations BEmployment Based on Technical Qualifications/B Hiring is based on technical qualifications, and performance is measured ag
7、ainst specific standards. Positive influence: U9 /U can be more open and fair. 9. _. Loyalty to the organization can be encouraged. Negative influence: talented people being promoted continuous till they get to positions U10 /U. 10. _.（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:
8、_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_二、BSECTION B/B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)I Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the interview./I（分数：5.00）(1).How did Guinness World Records come into being?（分数：1.00）A.Guin
9、ness developed it by himself.B.Sir Hugh Beaver first asked Mcwhirter twins to develop it.C.It first developed in Ireland.D.Somebody called Guinness developed it.(2).According to the passage, back in the 1950s, how long did. it take for the first Records book to be put together?（分数：1.00）A.5 months.B.
10、6 months.C.12 months.D.32 months.(3).According to the passage, how many records are put in the Guinness World Records every year?（分数：1.00）A.50.B.40,000.C.3200.D.450.(4).The primary purpose of Guineas World Records is related to _.（分数：1.00）A.recreation and practical valuesB.recreation and reputationC
11、.reputation and TV programD.reputation and position(5).According to the passage, who is in charge of the selection of Guinness World Records?（分数：1.00）A.Beijing Educational Press.B.Liaoning Educational Press.C.London Guinness World Record.D.Ireland Guinness World Record.三、BSECTION C/B(总题数：3，分数：5.00)I
12、 Questions 6 to 7 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds: to answer each question. Now listen to the news./I（分数：2.00）(1).The governor has decided that _.（分数：1.00）A.schools should not use names like “redskins“B.schools can use names like “redskins“C
13、.some names such as “redskins“ are derogatoryD.local schools should name their sports teams carefully(2).The governor vetoed the hill because be believed that the government _.（分数：1.00）A.has the duty to supervise names of sport teamsB.has the duty to help local schools choose proper namesC.should no
14、t be prejudiced to teams because of their namesD.should not deprive schools of the right to name their teamsI Questions 8 to 9 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer each question. Now listen to the news./I（分数：2.00）(1).In the video, the B
15、ritish hostage _.（分数：1.00）A.assured his family members that he was safeB.asked the British government to save his lifeC.criticize the British government for not taking actionD.denounced those who captured him very bravely(2).According to this news, what has happened to the two American hostages capt
16、ured at the same time?（分数：1.00）A.They are still very safe.B.They have been rescued by the US army.C.They have been killed.D.Nobody knows exactly what has happened to them.1.I Question 10 is based on the fallowing news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the question.
17、 Now listen to the news./IHaiti has lost large numbers of people to a serious _.（分数：1.00）A.earthquakeB.hurricaneC.fireD.terrorist attack四、BPART READING (总题数：4，分数：12.00)BTEXT A/BThe writing of the Constitution of the United States is an act of such genius that philosophers still wonder at its accompl
18、ishment and envy its results. Fifty-five typical American citizens met and argued for 127 days during a ferociously hot Philadelphia summer and produced one of the magisterial documents of world history. Al most without being aware of their great achievement, they fashioned a nearly perfect instrume
19、nt of government, and I have studied it for nearly 70 years with growing admiration for its utility and astonishment at its capacity to change with a changing world. It is a testament to what a collection of typical free men can achieve.I think this is the salient fact about our Constitution. All ot
20、her nations which were in existence in 1787 have had to alter their form of government in the intervening years. France, Russia and China have undergone momentous revolutions. Stable nations like Sweden and Switzerland have had to change their forms radically. Even Great Britain, most stalwart of na
21、tions, has limited sharply the power of its monarch and its House of Lords. Only the United States, adhering to the precepts of its Constitution, has continued with the same form of government. We are not of the younger nations of the world; we are the oldest when it conies to having founded the gov
22、ernment which suits it best.It is instructive to remember the 55 men who framed this document. Elder statesmen like George Washington and Benjamin Franklin contributed little to the debate but greatly to the stability and inspiration of the convention. Thomas Jefferson, perhaps the most brilliant Am
23、erican of those days, missed the meetings entirely; he was on diplomatic duty in France. The hard central work of determining the form of government seems to have been done by a handful of truly great men: James Madison and George Mason of Virginia, Roger Sherman of Connecticut, James Wilson and Gou
24、verneur Morris of Pennsylvania. Alexander Hamilton of New York did not speak much but did exert considerable influence.The 55 contained a college president, a banker, a merchant, a great reaches of lawyer, a judge, a mayor, a clergyman, a state governor and a surgeon. One-sixth of the members were f
25、oreign born. Two were graduates of Oxford University, one of St. Andrews in Scotland. But the group also contained some real nonentities, including a military man who had been court-martialed for cowardice during the Revolution, some who contributed nothing to the debate, and some who were not quite
26、 able to follow what was being debated.What this mix of men did was create a miracle in which every American should take pride. Their decision to divide the power of the government into three parts-Legislative, Executive, Judicial-was a master stroke, as was the clever way in which they protected th
27、e interests of small states by giving each state two Senators, regardless of population, and the interest of large states by apportioning the House of Representatives according to population.But I think they should be praised mostly because they attended to those profound principles by which free me
28、n have through the centuries endeavored to govern themselves. The accumulated wisdom of making speaks in this Constitution. (530)（分数：2.00）(1).What is the major point that the author is making in the article?（分数：1.00）A.The Constitution, one of the greatest documents of the world, was written by fifty
29、-five men of varying talents and backgrounds.B.The Constitution owes its greatness to the fact that it has never changed in a changing world.C.The Constitution was written by many people working together cooperatively.D.The Constitution was written by many people, all of whom were thinkers of the hi
30、ghest order.(2).Which of the following statements about the 55men framing the Constitution is TRUE?（分数：1.00）A.Alexander Hamilton was not among them.B.All of them were famous.C.All of them contributed much to the framing.D.George Washington and Benjamin Franklin were among them.BTEXT B/B“The US econo
31、my is rapidly deteriorating,“ says Mr. Grannis. “The odds of a recession are now very high, perhaps by the end of the year.“ There are already some signs that important pillars are weakening. Consumer confidence has fallen for the past two months. The housing sector, which has been buoyant, is start
32、ing to sink. Corporate profits are failing. Some analysts are especially concerned over the sharp fall of commodity prices. They believe it represents the threat of deflation, it could cause a global slowdown. “The Fed will have to act forcefully to arrest the deflationary forces,“ says Robert Lamor
33、te, chairman of Behavioral Economics, a consulting firm in San Diego.But others counter that the central bank doesnt need to intervene. They argue the Fed should wait to see real data before acting. “The fundamentals are better than the stock market reflects“, says Peter Kretzmer, an economist at Na
34、tions-Banc Montgomery Security. Indeed, President Clinton tried to do his part to calm the market during his trip to Moscow, citing the strong job market and balanced budget. “We believe our fundamental economic policy is sound,“ he said. His comments echoed statements by Peter Rubin in Washington.S
35、ome numbers do continue to reflect a strong economy. On Sep. 1, the Conference Board released its index of leading indicators. The index rose 0. 4 percent, prompting the business organization to predict that the nations output should increase at a moderate pace for the rest of 1998. The group sees l
36、ittle risk of recession in the near term.But what bas changed is the global economy. Japan and the rest of Asia are in recession. The woes are spreading to Latin America.“Im now convinced we are going to have a global economic recession,“ says Sung Won Sohn, chief economist at Norwest Corp, a Minnea
37、polis-based bank. But, he added, its not certain the US will slide into a period of negative growth. He rates the risk of recession at only i0 to 15 percent. “We will be responding to the world economic situation rather than leading it,“ he says. Still, Fed watchers dont think the central bank will
38、act to try to save the world. “Its inconceivable the Fed could make much difference in Asia, Russia, or Latin America,“ says Lyle Gramley, a former Fed governor.After the last stock market crash, in 1987, the Federal Reserve acted quickly to provide liquidity to the markets and to lower interest rat
39、es. But the economy is in better shape this time. The banking sector is stronger and the financial markets have been able to respond to the enormous trading volume. “It is not the Feds job to manage the stock market,“ says Mr. Kretzmen But the Fed will keep a close watch on Wall Street. If the marke
40、t were to shave another 1,500 points off the Dow by the end of September, “then the Fed would think about lowering interest rates,“ says Mr. Gramley. In his view, the Feds main concern will be the impact of a sliding market on consumer confidence. Since 40 percent of the nation bas investments in th
41、e stock market, any prolonged slide might make individuals fed less wealthy.They would cut back on vacations and “splurge“ purchases. He expects the central bank to watch the next consumer confidence surveys and housing statistics closely. (550)（分数：3.00）(1).What did President Clinton try to do durin
42、g his trip to Moscow?（分数：1.00）A.To pacify the market.B.To make a speech on American economy.C.To intervene.D.To cooperate with Russian to pursue sustainable development.(2).What is the Feds main concern according to Mr. Gramley?（分数：1.00）A.To provide liquidity to the market.B.To keep a close watch on
43、 Wall Street, if there is a stock market crash, it will lower interest rates.C.To observe the influence of a sliding market on consumer confidence and give a timely response.D.To prevent the stock market from sliding too much.(3).Which of the following is the most appropriate title for this passage?
44、（分数：1.00）A.Threat of Deflation in US.B.Economic Situation in US.C.Where US Economy is Heading.D.The Sign of Recession in US Economy.BTEXT C/BNo one can be a great thinker who does not realize that as a thinker it is his first duty to follow his intellect m whatever conclusions it may lead. Truth gai
45、ns more even by the errors of one who, with due study and prep oration, thinks for himself, than by the true opinions of those who only hold them because they do not suffer themselves to think. Not that it is solely, or chiefly, to form great thinkers that freedom of thinking is required. On the con
46、trary, it is as much or even more indispensable to enable average human beings to attain the mental stature which they are capable of. There have been, and may again be, great individual thinkers in a general atmosphere of mental slavery. But there never has been, nor ever will be, in that atmospher
47、e an intellectually active people. Where any people has made a temporary approach to such a character, it has been because the dread of heterodox speculation was for a time suspended. Where there is a tacit convention that principles are not to be disputed: which can occupy humanity is considered to
48、 be closed, we cannot hope to find that generally high scale of mental activity which had made some periods of history so remarkable, Never when controversy avoided the subjects which was large and important enough to kindle enthusiasm was the mind of a people stirred up from its foundations and the impulse given which raised even persons of the most ordinary intellect to something of the dignity of thinking beings.He who knows only his own side of
