1、专业八级-31 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART LISTENIN(总题数：1，分数：10.00)There are so many things about our lives that belong to the content of culture that it is impossible to cover them all. In this lecture three aspects of culture are discussed. Language: is what people and animals use toU (1) /Utheir
2、thoughts, ideas and feelings. Just like animals, people use different languages. Each culture has its own words and symbols. People within the culture that use more than one language are said to be eitherU (2) /Uor multiligual. Moreover, languages have differentU (3) /U, which are variations of a la
3、nguage.U (4) /Uis most commonly used by deaf people. Folklore: is a body of stories that show a cultures beliefs, traditions andU (5) /UThe characters in folktales are oftenU (6) /Upeople, whose character is admired. Today, folklore finds its way into poetry, song lyrics, andU (7) /U. Holiday: is a
4、day made special by a cultures customs or laws. Holidays help a culture re member andU (8) /Uits history. People may attend parades, sing songs, go toU (9) /Uor give gifts to each other on certain holidays. The English world holiday came from two words, holy and day. The beat-knownU (10) /Uholiday i
5、s Christmas.（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_二、BSECTION B/B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)(1).What does this conversation most probably take place?（分数：1.00）A.In a travel agency.B.On a campus.C.In a bookshop.D.In a teachers shop.(2).Where will Denis spend his holiday?（分
6、数：1.00）A.In Britain.B.In Australia.C.In Italy.D.None of the above.(3).In Australia, one can _.（分数：1.00）A.study English separatelyB.study English along with other subjectsC.study English as a fun and relaxationD.all of the above(4).Those English language colleges that are not part of a university may
7、 be _.（分数：1.00）A.operated privatelyB.operated by the governmentC.part of government technical and business collegesD.all of the above(5).Visitors on a tourist visa can undertake English study for up to _.（分数：1.00）A.three monthsB.six monthsC.one yearD.three years三、BSECTION C/B(总题数：2，分数：5.00)(1).Why d
8、id NASA decide to bring the shuttle home earlier?（分数：1.00）A.The laboratory was closed.B.The generator was turned off.C.The power generator might explode.D.Electricity was going to run out.(2).How many generators does the shuttle carry?（分数：1.00）A.One.B.Two.C.Three.D.Four.(3).What does the cancellatio
9、n of the 16-day flight mean?（分数：1.00）A.The scientists on the ground are pursuing only their most important experiments.B.The shuttle team will be disappointed at the curtailment of the science mission.C.The science will complete the experiments on a later shuttle flight.D.The remaining generators ar
10、e sufficient.I Questions 9 and 10 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer each question. Now listen to the news./I（分数：2.00）(1).Why do other European countries criticize Ireland?（分数：1.00）A.They worry that the Irish Republics budget plan wil
11、l undermine the stability of European Unions.B.EU countries fear that Irish Republics finance plan will cause inflation.C.Other countries will have to cut taxes.D.Other EU countries must increase government spending, too.(2).What is TRUE about the Irish Republics economy?（分数：1.00）A.It was the most s
12、uccessful among the EU countries.B.It has increased 8% in the last five years.C.The unemployment rate has reached its lowest level for 5 years.D.The commodity prices have decreased greatly in the country.四、BPART READING (总题数：5，分数：20.00)BTEXT A/BBecause markets are often unpredictable, successful mar
13、keting is rather like hitting a moving target. Consumer tastes vary depending on fashions and trends, causing the demand for products to fluctuate with alarming frequency. It is because of this uncertainty that we need to analyse and know as much as we can about customers and markets, and also about
14、 our own businesses.Not all marketplace opportunities are real opportunities for every business. Only those which a business can successfully exploit - those which match its capabilities - come into this category. The process of analysing marketing opportunities therefore begins with an internal ana
15、lysis of a business itself- a process which must include not only the specifically market-related aspects of its operations, such as sales and advertising, but also other aspects, such as financial resources, work-related aspects of its operations, such as sales and advertising, but also other aspec
16、ts, such as financial resources, work-force skills, technology and so on. A useful framework for undertaking this internal analysis is to divide these aspects into four areas: customers, sales, marketing activities and other factors. We must determine who the businesss customers are, how many there
17、are and what their requirements are. We must then estimate how many products the business can be expected to sell in order to determine what product development will be required. Product development includes market research, which is vital to ensure that the businesss products are fight for the mark
18、et, and to enable file business to set pricing and discount policies which will maximise sales. Finally, we must examine how all of these factors relate to other aspects of the business that may affect sales levels, such as management and work-force skills and corporate goals.Having carefully analys
19、ed these internal factors, it is time to look at the outside world. An external analysis also needs to examine carefully a wide range of areas - such as legal/political factors; economic factors; cultural/social factors; technology; institutions and competition. There may be restrictions on the prod
20、uction or sale of particular products: for example, the age restrictions that exist in many countries on the sale of alcohol; and tobacco will obviously influence the size of the market for these products. Rising or falling interest rates affect peoples disposable income, and may alter demand and th
21、erefore market size. Development of the society and its population, and how peoples requirements will be affected, must also be considered. New technologies may affect both peoples expectations and other products that are likely to become available. Consequently it may be expected that traditional,
22、social and economic institutions will alter over time, so that people may no longer buy, sell and distribute products in traditional ways through wholesalers and retail outlets; instead they will order products from home using the latest computer and cable television technology. And lastly, we must
23、consider any potential competition from other businesses at home or overseas which produce similar products, and whether or not our business would be able to remain profitable even with thhis competition.Identifying the competition is in many respects the most important aspect of an external market
24、analysis and, to be useful, it must be as objective as possible. Many marketers greatly overestimate or underestimate the competition that their business will face from other businesses, especially if they look at the competition from their own standpoint rather than seeing it through the eyes of th
25、eir customers. In other words, many people identify competitors by looking at apparently similar products, how they are made and what features they have, rather than at the benefits these products have for users and at ways of meeting market needs. With personal computers, for instance, this approac
26、h would mean assessing competitors on the basis of the type of microchip circuit used and the elegance of the software. A much more useful comparison would focus on the ability of the various computers to provide what the personal computer user wants; ease of use, flexibility and the ability to grow
27、 with the user. This way, we are much less likely to overlook competition from businesses that products which appear to be different from our own, but which produce similar benefits for customers.When the internal analysis is taken together with the external analysis, the result is an allround pictu
28、re of the current situation. This is usually known as a situation analysis or marketing audit. Developing this analysis requires a mass of information, which is the raw material for analysing market opportunities in order to identify the most promising.Possibly the most powerful, and certainly the m
29、ost widely used, technique for structuring the analysis of the information is the SWOT analysis. This refers to Strengths of the organization, Weaknesses of the organization, Opportunities in the market place, and Threats to it (especially competitive threats) in the market place.Strengths and weakn
30、esses relate to the finding of the internal analysis, as seen from the viewpoint of the customer - things it or its product does better than the competition, and things it does less successfully. Opportunities relate to findings from the analysis of the external environment. For instance, the trend
31、among the educated middle classes in many countries to adopt “healthier“ eating patterns opens up demand for a wide range of health food products. The other side of this coin, however, is market threats: factors which inhibit demand for a businesss products. For example, for a manufacturer of highly
32、 processed convenience foods containing chemical additives, the trend towards more “natural“ eating is a marketing “threat“.It is important to remember that the attractiveness of a market depends largely on the strengths and weaknesses of the assessor. For this reason, an opportunity for one busines
33、s may well constitute a threat to another. Similarly, the definition of any factor as a strength or a weakness depends largely on market conditions. The some organisational factor may constitute a strength in one market and a weakness in another.（分数：3.00）(1).According to the writer, real opportuniti
34、es for businesses are those which _.（分数：1.00）A.require no advertisingB.require few resourcesC.match their capabilitiesD.exploit new technology(2).According to the passage, the age range of some businesses customers may be limited because of _.（分数：1.00）A.social/cultural factorsB.economic factorsC.leg
35、al/political factorsD.factors of state(3).According to the passage, new technologies are likely to influence _.（分数：1.00）A.the extent of competitionB.peoples spending powerC.attitudes to advertisingD.the way people shopBTEXT B/BAn invisible border divides those, arguing for computers in the classroom
36、 on the behalf of students career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few write on the subject: have explored this distinction - indeed, contradiction - which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put co
37、mputers in the dark.An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyones job prospects that all children are legally required to att
38、end school into their teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently asses how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case, before it was legally required for all
39、 children to attend school until a certain age. It was widely acteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery out-look. Banking on the co
40、nfusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computer advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. Many European schools
41、introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the profession they want to join. It is, however, presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many businessmen, so many accountants. Besides, th
42、is is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-deve
43、loped skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a life-long acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that i
44、s of course, an entirely different computer skills are only complementary to the host of great skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.（分数：4.00）(1).The author thinks
45、the present rush to put computers in the classroom is _.（分数：1.00）A.far-reachingB.dubiously orientedC.self-contradictoryD.radically reformatory(2).The belief that education is indispensable to all children _.（分数：1.00）A.is indicative of a pessimism in disguiseB.came into being along with the arrival o
46、f computersC.is deeply rooted in the minds of computered advocatesD.originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countries(3).It could be inferred from the passage that in the authors country the European model of professional training is _.（分数：1.00）A.dependent upon the starting age of
47、candidatesB.worth trying in various social sectionsC.of little practical valueD.attractive to every kind of professional(4).According to the author, basic computer skills should be _.（分数：1.00）A.included as an auxiliary course in schoolsB.highlighted in acquisition of professional qualificationsC.mas
48、tered through a life-long courseD.usually emphasized by any schoolBTEXT C/BOpinion polls are now beginning to show a reluctant consensus that, whoever is to blame and whatever happens from now on, high unemployment is probably here to stay. This means we shah have to find ways of sharing the available employment more widely. But we need to go further. We must ask some fundamental questions about the future of work. Should we continue to treat employment as the norm? Should we not rather encourage many other ways
