1、专业八级-230 (1)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART LISTENIN(总题数：1，分数：10.00)BDarwin and His Theory/B Darwin was born in 1809 as the son of a physician. He earlier planned to become aU (1) /Uin the Church of England. Later he accepted an invitation to serve as an unpaid naturalist on the H. M. S. Beagle,
2、and joined in theU (2) /Uscientific expedition to the Pacific coast of South America in 1831. The book On the Origin of Species was published in 1859 and amused a storm ofU (3) /U. He continued to write and publish his works on biology throughout his life. He died on 1882 and lies buried in Westmins
3、ter Abbey. Darwins general theory presumes the development of life from non-life and stresses a purely naturalistic “descent withU (4) /U“, the result of which is an entirely different organism. What Darwin brought to the old philosophy of evolution is a new mechanism called “natural selection“. It
4、acts to preserve andU (5) /Uminor advantageous genetic mutations. It is the preservation of aU (6) /Uadvantage that enables a species to compete better in the wild. Similarly, itU (7) /Uinferior species gradually over time. Darwins theory of evolution is a slow gradual process. He wrote, “Natural se
5、lection acts only by taking advantage of slightU (8) /Uvariations.“ An irreducibly complex system is composed of multiple parts, and every individual part isU (9) /U. The common mousetrap is an commonU (10) /Uexample of irreducible complexity.（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1
6、:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_二、BSECTION B/B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)(1).In the case that occurred in France in 1981, how many people witnessed it?（分数：1.00）A.One.B.Two.C.Three.D.Five.(2).The scientist from the French space agency did all the following things except _.（分数：1.00）A.taking further photosB.taking soil sam
7、plesC.planting vegetation in the soilD.taking samples of vegetation(3).Peter Sturrock thinks that the field of UFO study is in a state of _.（分数：1.00）A.popularizationB.pauseC.developmentD.ignorance and confusion(4).In which countries are there programs of persuing UFO? A. China and US（分数：1.00）A.B.Chi
8、le and France.C.France and Canada.D.Egypt and Greece.(5).There have been UFO reports for _.（分数：1.00）A.15 yearsB.50 yearsC.six decadesD.four decades三、BSECTION C/B(总题数：2，分数：5.00)(1).If Quebec was separated from Canada, the two pacts with US _.（分数：1.00）A.should remain effectiveB.should be abolishedC.sh
9、ould be discussed againD.should be supplemented(2).The US border with Canada is the _ in the world.（分数：1.00）A.longest defended borderB.longest undefended borderC.longest undefined borderD.longest coastal border(3).Which of the following is NOT true?（分数：1.00）A.In the days before the vote, the Clinton
10、 Administration had been careful to describe the referendum as an internal mafter.B.It is critical for the United States to have a stable norther neighbor.C.Mr. Clinton discussed the outcome of the referendum Tuesday with Canadian Prime Minister.D.Both pacts will be discussed further with united Can
11、ada.I Questions 9 and 10 are based on the following news. At the end of the dews item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer each question. Now listen to the news./I（分数：2.00）(1).The news from China tells us that _.（分数：1.00）A.at least eighty-one people have been killed by floodingB.a dangerous goods
12、 warehouse has been damaged by fireC.many killed were unable to leave the buildingD.the fire in a handicraft factory in southern China is striking(2).The recent fire-related accidents were caused by _.（分数：1.00）A.strong winds and lack of waterB.rapid economic growthC.locked doors and windowsD.overcro
13、wded people四、BPART READING (总题数：5，分数：20.00)BTEXT A/BIt looks as if it came straight from the set of Star Wars. It has four-wheel drive and rises a bove rocky surfaces. It lowers and raises its nose when going Up and down hills. And when it comes to a river, it turns amphibious; two hydro jets power
14、it along by blasting water under its body. There is room for two passengers and a driver, who sit inside a glass bubble operating electronic, aircraft-type controls. A vehicle so daring on land and water needs windscreen wipers - but it doesnt have any. Water molecules are disintegrated on the scree
15、ns surface by ultrasonic sensors.This unusual vehicle is the Racoon. It is an invention not of Hollywood but of Renault, a rather conservative French state-owned carmaker, better known for its family hatchbacks. Renault built the Racoon to explore new freedoms for designers and engineers created by
16、advances in materials and manufacturing processes. Renault is thinking about startlingly different cars; other producers have radical new ideas for trains, boats and aeroplanes.The first of the new freedoms is in design. Powerful computer-aided design (CAD) systems can replace with a click of a comp
17、uter mouse hours of laborious work done on thousands of drawing boards. So new products, no matter how complicated, can be developed much faster. For the first time, Boeing will not have to build a giant replica of its new airliner, the 777, to make sure all the bits fit together. Its CAD system wil
18、l take care of that.But Renault is taking CAD further. It claims the Racoon is the worlds first vehicle to be designed within the digitised world of virtual reality. Complex programs were used to simulate the vehicle and the terrain that it was expected to cross. This allowed a team led by Patrick L
19、e Quement, Renaults industrial-design director, to “drive“ it long before a prototype existed.Renault is not alone in thinking that virtual reality will transform automotive design. In Detroit, Ford is also investigating its potential. Jack Telnac, the firms head of design, would like designers in d
20、ifferent parts of the world to work more closely together, linked by computers. They would do more than style cars. Virtual reality will allow engineers to peer inside the working parts of a vehicle. Designers will watch bearings move, oil flow, gears mesh and hydraulics pump. As these techniques ca
21、tch on, even stranger vehicles are likely to come along.Transforming these creations from virtual reality to actual reality will also become easier, especially with advances in materials. Firms that once bashed everything out of steel now find that new alloys or composite materials (which can be mad
22、e from mixtures of plastic, resin, ceramics and metals, reinforced with fibers such as glass or carbon) are changing the rules of manufacturing. At the same time, old materials keep getting better, as their producers try to secure their place in the factory of the future. This competition is increas
23、ing the pace of development of all materials.One company in this field scaled composites. It was started in 1982 by Burt Rutan, an aviator who has devised many unusual aircraft. His company develops and tests prototypes that have ranged from business aircraft to air racers. It has also worked on com
24、posite sails for the Americas Cup yacht race and on General Motors Ultralite, a 100-miles-per-gallon experimental family car built from carbon fiber.Again, the Racoon reflects this race between the old and the new. It uses conventional steel and what Renault describes as a new “high-limit elastic st
25、eel“ in its chassis. This steel is 30% lighter than the usual kind. The Racoon also has parts made from compostites. Renault plans to replace the petrol engine with a small gas turbine, which could be made from heat-resisting ceramics, and use it to run a generator that would provide power for elect
26、ric motors at each wheel.With composites it is possible to build many different parts into a single component. Fiat, Italys biggest car maker has worked out that it could reduce the number of components needed in one of its car bodies from 150 to 16 by using a composite shell rather than one made of
27、 steel. Aircraft and cars may increasingly be assembled as if they were plastic kits.Advances in engine technology also make cars lighter. The Ultralite, which Scaled composites helped to design for General Motors, uses a two-stroke engine in a “power pod“ at the rear of the vehicle. The engine has
28、been developed from an East German design and weighs 40% less than a conventional engine but produces as much power. IT is expected to ran cleanly enough to qualify as an ultra-low emissions vehicle under Californias tough new rules.（分数：4.00）(1).How does that Racoon cross water?（分数：1.00）A.It swims.B
29、.It raises its nose.C.It uses hydrojets.D.It uses its four-wheel drive.(2).What is Renault most famous for?（分数：1.00）A.Startlingly different cars.B.Family cars.C.Advances in design.D.Boat and train design.(3).Why will Boeing not need a replica of the 777?（分数：1.00）A.It can use computers to check the d
30、esign.B.It already has enough experience with plans.C.It will only need to upgrade the replica of the previous model.D.It can make sure all the bits fit together.(4).How did Renault test drive the Racoon?（分数：1.00）A.Over rocky terrain.B.In actual reality.C.Over French country roads.D.In virtual reali
31、ty.BTEXT B/BTomorrow evening about 20 million Americans will be shown, on their television screens, how easy it is to steal plutonium (钚) and produce “the most terrifying blackmail weapon ever devised“ - a homemade atomic bomb.They will be told that no commercial nuclear plant in the United States -
32、 and probably in the world - is adequately protected against a well planned armed attack by terrorists, and that there is enough information on public record to guide a nuclear thief not only to the underground rooms of nuclear plants where plutonium is stored, but also to tell him how the doors of
33、those underground rooms are designed.The hour-long television programme, “The Plutonium Connection“, makes its point by showing how a 20-year-old student of the Masschusetts Institute of Technology in five weeks designed an atomic bomb composed of plutonium and parts from a hardware store.The young
34、man, whose identity is being kept secret for fear he may be kidnaped by terrorists, is quoted as saying,“ I was pretty surprised about how easy k is to design a bomb. When I was working on my design, I kept thinking theres got to be more to it than this, but actually there isnt. Its simple.“The stud
35、ent worked alone, using information he obtained from science libraries open to the public. The television programme, produced for non-commericial stations across the country by a Boston educational station, shows how quantities of other “secret“ information are available to anyone.The Atomic Energy
36、Commissions public reading room in Washington is described by the narrator as “the first place a bomb-designer would visit when he was planning his plutonium theft. On file there and freely available are the plans of every civilian nuclear installation in the country.“The programme seems certain to
37、create enormous controversy - not only over the lack of nuclear safeguards, but also over the morality of appointing the student to design a bomb and the wisdom of drawing attention to the ways that a nuclear thief can work.Even an official of Public Broadcasting System, which is distributing the TV
38、 programme, confessed to uneasiness: “Its a terribly important subject, and people should know about the dangers, but I cant help wondering if the programme wont give someone ideas.“The Plutonium Connection“ explains, for example, that the security systems of nuclear plants were all designed to prev
39、ent sabotage by perhaps one or agents of some foreign power. But now this appears less of a hazard than the possibility of an attack by an armed band of terrorists with dedicated disregard for their own lives.The programme discusses two major plutonium reprocessing plants in the US - one already ope
40、rating in Oklahoma, one being completed in South Carolina - neither of which has more than a handful of armed guards to supplement the alarms, fences and gun-detectors that Government security requires. Both are in such remote areas that it would take at least 45 minutes for a sizeable force to be a
41、ssembled, if there were an attack.An official of the South Carolina plant - a joint operation of Allied Chemical, Gulf Oil and Royal Dutch Shell - admits to television viewers that the “system weve designed would probably not prevent“ a band of about 12 armed terrorists from entering.Stealing pluton
42、ium is even easier, the programme suggests. Despite constant survery of all materials on the list, there are inevitably particles of plutonium unaccounted for - about I lb a month at the Oklahoma plant, owned by the KerrMcGee oil company, which in a year adds up to enough to make an atomic bomb. It
43、is suggested that stealing would be even easier if instrument technicians were unscrupulous enough to alter their measuring devices.The television film also shows radioactive fuel being transported to nuclear processing plants in commercial armoured cars. As safety measure, US drivers of such cars a
44、re ordered to contact headquarters by radio telephone every two hours. But the equipment is “cumbersome and unreliable“, and in difficult terrain there are radio black out areas.The programmer ends with a warning from Dr. Theodore Taylor, a former Atomic Energy Commission officer who has long conten
45、ded that any person of modest technical ability could make an atomic bomb: “If we dont get this problem under international control within the next five or six years, there is a good chance that it will be permanently out of control.“（分数：4.00）(1).Why would a terrorist go to the Atomic Energy commiss
46、ions public reading room?（分数：1.00）A.To find out how to design a bomb.B.To find out where to steal plutonium.C.To look at files of secret information.D.To find out where to stem an atomic bomb.(2).The main danger discussed in the passage is from _.（分数：1.00）A.students making their own atomic bombsB.fo
47、reign spies stealing secretsC.terrorists stealing plutonium and making their own bombsD.technicians stealing plutonium(3).What does “this“ refer to in the expression “this appears less of a hazard“?（分数：1.00）A.Some foreign power.B.The design of the security systems.C.A terrorist attack.D.Sabotage by
48、people working for an enemy country.(4).What is the main theme of the passage?（分数：1.00）A.The fact that a student was able to make an atomic bomb.B.The dangers of transporting plutonium.C.The fact that secret information is available in public libraries.D.The ease with which atomic bombs could become a terrorist weapon.BTEXT C/BIn contrast to traditional analyses of minority business, the sociological analysis contends that minority business ownership is a group-level phenomenon, in that it is largely depe
