1、专业八级-228 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART LISTENIN(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Note-taking Skills Note-taking requires a high level of ability in many skills, particularly in the following four most important skills: 1. Understanding what the lecturer says as he says it. -A non-native speaker of English is usu
2、ally under a strain for he may be unable to recognize words in speech which he understands in (1)_. (1)_ He may not know the meaning of a new word. -A student should learn to infer the meaning of a new word from the context. -A student should (2)_ only on important points so that he can (2)_ underst
3、and much of a lecture. 2. Deciding what is important. -Read the (3)_of a lecture carefully and understand its (3)_ meaning, for it implies the major points of a lecture. -Pay attention to a lecturers direct and indirect signals concerning whats important or unimportant. The direct signals are (4)_.T
4、he (4)_ indirect signals include (5)_, tempo, loudness and intonation of the (5)_ lecturers speech. 3. Writing the main points quickly and clearly. -Using (6)_when writing. (6)_ Selecting words which give (7)_ information. (7)_ - Choosing the right moment to write notes. -Writing only one point on e
5、ach line. -Listening attentively to the lecturer when such connectives as “however“, “on the other hand“ or “nevertheless“ are uttered, for they often mean that new and (8)_information is to follow. (8)_ 4. Showing the relationship between the. various points he noted. This can be done by a (9)_ pre
6、sentation. (9)_ Spacing and (10)_ are helpful in taking notes efficiently. (10)_（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_二、BSECTION B/B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)(1).According to Bob, Sri Lanka is well-known for the following EXCEPT_.（分数：1.00）A.beachB.high mountainsC.jungl
7、esD.waterfalls(2).What is the purpose of Bobs trip to Sri Lanka?（分数：1.00）A.To spend his holidays.B.To participate in a business negotiation.C.To meet his Australian friend there.D.To attract Sri Lankan students to undertake degree studies in Australia.(3).What are the students from Sri Lanka most in
8、terested in according to Bob?（分数：1.00）A.Accountancy and computing.B.Business and finance.C.Law and business.D.Architecture and engineering:(4).Which of the following is NOT TRUE of the current situation in Sri Lanka?（分数：1.00）A.Students have difficulty in finding jobs.B.There exists an internal strif
9、e.C.The economy is in a recession.D.The economy is developing rapidly.(5).What are the parents in Sri Lanka most concerned about if they send their children to Australia?（分数：1.00）A.Expenditure.B.Safety.C.Cultural difference.D.Accommodation三、BSECTION C/B(总题数：2，分数：5.00)(1).Who was found to be involved
10、 in the bombing of the National police headquarters?（分数：1.00）A.Al-Qaida.B.A militant group.C.The Muslim Brotherhood.D.A group of separatists.(2).Who were the majority of victims in the bombing on Wednesday?（分数：1.00）A.Civilians.B.Students.C.Government officials.D.Police officers.(3).According to Sala
11、h, continual terrorist attacks were caused by_.（分数：1.00）A.the secular criticismB.the religious criticismC.the anger over the governments corruptionD.the antagonistic feelings against the WestI Questions 9 to 10 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 second
12、s to answer each question. Now listen to the news./I（分数：2.00）(1).Sharon made a commitment three years ago that_.（分数：1.00）A.he would not harm AraratB.he would withdraw his troopsC.he would deal with the conflict between Israel and PalestineD.he would not overthrow Palestinian government(2).When did S
13、haron meet Bush and told Bush that he would release himself from the commitment?（分数：1.00）A.On April 14.B.Three years ago.C.Last Friday.D.A week ago.四、BPART READING (总题数：5，分数：20.00)BTEXT A/BUnder existing law, a new drug may be labeled, promoted, and advertised only for those conditions in which safe
14、ty and effectiveness have been demonstrated and of which the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved, or so-called “approved uses.“ Other uses have come to be called “unapproved uses“ and cannot be legally promoted. In a real sense, the term “unapproved is a misnomer because it includes in o
15、ne phrase two categories of marketed drugs that are very different; drugs which are potentially harmful and will never be approved, and already approved drugs that have “unapproved“ uses. It is common for new research and new insights to demonstrate valid new uses for drugs already on the market. Al
16、so, there are numerous examples of medical progress resulting from the serendipitous observations and therapeutic innovations of physicians, both important methods of discovery in the field of therapeutics. Before such advances can result in new indications for inclusion in drug labeling, however, t
17、he available data must meet the legal standard of substantial evidence derived from adequate and well-controlled clinical trials. Such evidence may require time to develop, and, without initiative on the part of the drug firm, it may not occur at all for certain uses. However, because medical litera
18、ture on new uses exists and these uses are medically beneficial, physicians often use these drugs for such purposes prior to FDA review or changes in labeling. This is referred to as “unlabeled uses“ of drugs.A different problem arises when a particular use for a drug has been examined scientificall
19、y and has been found to be ineffective or unsafe, and yet physicians who either are uninformed or who refuse to accept the available scientific evidence continue to use the drug in this way. Such use may have been reviewed by the FDA and rejected, or, in some cases, the use may actually be warned ag
20、ainst in the labeling. This subset of uses may be properly termed “disapproved uses.“Government policy should minimize the extent of unlabeled uses. If such uses are valid-and many are- it is important that scientifically sound evidence supporting them be generated and that the regulatory system acc
21、ommodate them into drug labeling. Continuing rapid advances in medical care and the complexity of drug usage, however, makes it impossible for the government to keep drug labeling up to date for every conceivable situation. Thus, when a particular use of this type appears, it is also important, and
22、in the interest of good medical care, that no stigma be attached to “unapproved usage“ by practitioners while the formal evidence is assembled between the time of discovery and the time the new use is included in the labeling. In the case of “disapproved uses,“ however, it is proper policy to warn a
23、gainst these in the package insert, whether use of a drug for these purposes by the uninformed or intransigent physician constitutes a violation of the current Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act is a matter of debate that involves a number of technical and legal issues. Regardless of that, the incl
24、usion of disapproved uses in the form of contraindications, warnings and other precautionary statements in package inserts is an important practical deterrent to improper use. Except for clearly disapproved uses, however, it is in the best interests of patient care that physicians not be constrained
25、 by regulatory statutes from exercising their best judgment in prescribing a drug for both its approved uses and any unlabeled uses it may have.（分数：4.00）(1).The author is primarily concerned with_.（分数：1.00）A.refuting a theoryB.drawing a distinctionC.discrediting an opponentD.condemning an error(2).A
26、ccording to the passage, an unlabeled use of a drug is any use which_.（分数：1.00）A.has been reviewed by the FDA and specifically rejectedB.has medical value but has not yet been approved by FDA for inclusion as a labeled useC.is authorized by the label as approved by the FDA on the basis of scientific
27、 studiesD.is made in experiments designed to determine whether a drug is medically beneficial(3).It can be inferred from the passage that the intransigent physician_.（分数：1.00）A.continues to prescribe a drug even though he knows it is not in the best interests of the patientB.refuses to use a drug fo
28、r an unlabeled purpose out of fear that he may be stigmatized by its useC.persists in using a drug for disapproved uses because he rejects the evidence of its ineffectiveness or dangersD.experiments with new uses for tested drugs in an attempt to find medically beneficial uses for the drugs(4).All o
29、f the following are mentioned in the passage as reasons for allowing unlabeled uses of drugs EXCEPT_.（分数：1.00）A.the increased cost to the patient of buying an FDA-approved drugB.the medical benefits which can accrue to the patient through unlabeled useC.the time lag between initial discovery of a me
30、dical use and FDA approval of that use .D.the possibility that a medically beneficial use may never be clinically documentedBTEXT B/BThe liberal view of democratic citizenship that developed in the 17th and 18th centuries was fundamentally different from that of the classical Greeks. The pursuit of
31、private interests with as little interference as possible from government was seen as the road to human happiness and progress rather than the public obligations and involvement in the collective community that were emphasized by the Greeks. Freedom was to be realized by limiting the scope of govern
32、mental activity and political obligation and not through immersion in the collective life of the polls. The basic role of the citizen was to select governmental leaders and keep the powers and scope of public authority in check. On the liberal view, the rights of citizens against the state were the
33、focus of special emphasis.Over time, the liberal democratic notion of citizenship developed in two directions. First, there was a movement to increase the proportion of members of society who were eligible to participate as citizens-especially through extending the right of suffrage-and to ensure th
34、e basic political equality of all. Second, there was a broadening of the legitimate activities of government and a use of governmental power to redress imbalances in social and economic life. Political citizenship became an instrument through which groups and classes with sufficient numbers of votes
35、 could use the state power to enhance their social and economic well-being.Within the general liberal view of democratic citizenship, tensions have developed over the degree to which government can and should be used as an instrument for promoting happiness and well-being. Political philosopher Mart
36、in Diamond has categorized two views of democracy as follows. On the one hand, there is the “libertarian“ perspective that stresses the private pursuit of happiness and emphasizes the “task of the government to uplift and aid the common man against the malefactors of great wealth.“ The tensions betw
37、een these two views are very evident today. Taxpayer revolts and calls for smaller government and less government regulation clash with demands for greater government involvement in the economic marketplace and the social sphere.（分数：4.00）(1).The authors primary purpose is to _.（分数：1.00）A.study ancie
38、nt concepts of citizenshipB.contrast different notions of citizenshipC.criticize modern libertarian democracyD.describe the importance of universal suffrage(2).It can be inferred from the passage that the Greek word polis means _.（分数：1.00）A.family lifeB.military serviceC.marriageD.political communit
39、y(3).The author cites Martin Diamond because the author _.（分数：1.00）A.regards Martin Diamond as an authority on political philosophyB.wishes to refute Martin Diamonds views on citizenshipC.needs a definition of the term “citizenship“D.is unfamiliar with the distinction between libertarian and majorit
40、arian concepts of democracy(4).According to the passage, all of the following are characteristics of the liberal idea of government that would distinguish the liberal idea of government EXCEPT_.（分数：1.00）A.the emphasis on the rights of private citizensB.the activities government may legitimately purs
41、ueC.the obligation of citizens to participate in governmentD.the size of the geographical area controlled by a governmentBTEXT C/BThe mental health movement in the United States began with a period of considerable enlightenment. Dorothea Dix was shocked to find the mentally ill in jails and almshous
42、es and crusaded for the establishment of asylums in which people could receive humane care in hospital-like environments and treatment which might help restore them to sanity. By the mid 1800s, 20 states had established asylums, but during the late 1800s and early 1900s, in the face of economic depr
43、ession, legislatures were unable to appropriate sufficient funds for decent care. Asylums became overcrowded and prison-like. Additionally, patients were more resistant to treatment than the pioneers in the mental health field had anticipated, and security and restraint were needed to protect patien
44、ts and others. Mental institutions became frightening and depressing places in which the rights of patients were all but forgotten.These conditions continued until after World War 1I. At that time, new treatments were discovered for some major mental illnesses theretofore considered untreatable (pen
45、icillin for syphilis of the brain and insulin treatment for schizophrenia and depressions), and a succession of books, motion pictures, and newspaper exposes called attention to the plight of the mentally iii. Improvements were made, and Dr, David Vails Humane Practices Program is a beacon for today
46、. But changes were slow in coming until the early 1960s. At that time, the Civil Rights Movement led lawyers to investigate Americas prisons, which were disproportionately populated by blacks, and they in turn followed prisoners into the only institutions that were worse than the prisons the hospita
47、ls for the criminally insane. The prisons were filled with angry young men who, encouraged by legal support, were quick to demand their rights. The hospitals for the criminally insane, by contrast, were populated with people who were considered “crazy“ and who were often kept obediently in their pla
48、ce through the use of severe bodily restraints and large doses of major tranquilizers. The young cadre of public interest lawyers liked their role in the mental hospitals. The lawyers found a population that was both passive and easy to champion. These were, after all, people who, unlike criminals, had done nothing wrong. And in many states, they were being kept in horrendous institutions, an injustice, which once exposed, was bound to shock the public and, particularly, the judicial con
