1、专业八级-224 (1)及答案解析(总分：97.03，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART LISTENIN(总题数：1，分数：10.00)BSECTION A/BIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling ta
2、sk after the mini-lecture. When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking.ANSWER SHEET ONEComplete the gap-filling task. Some of the gaps below may require
3、a maximum of THREE words. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically but a study published recently in Psychological Science suggests there may be more to it than that. Whether reason or intuition is used may depend simply on the decision-makers blood-sugar levelwhich is, itself,
4、affected by the process of reasoning.E.J. Masicampo and Roy Baumeister of Florida State University discovered this by doing some experiments on that most popular of laboratory animals, the impoverished undergraduate. They asked 121 psychology students who had volunteered for the experiment to watch
5、a silent video of a woman being interviewed that had random words appearing in bold black letters every ten seconds along the perimeter of the video. This was the part of the experiment intended to be mentally taxing. Half of the students were told to focus on the woman, to try to understand what sh
6、e was saying, and to ignore the words along the perimeter. The other half were given no instructions. Those that had to focus were exerting considerable serf-control not to look at the random words.When the video was over, haft of each group was given a glass of lemonade with sugar in it and half wa
7、s given a glass of lemonade with sugar substitute. Twelve minutes later, when the glucose from the lemonade with sugar in it had had time to enter the students blood, the researchers administered a decision-making task that was designed to determine if the participant was using intuition or reason t
8、o make up his mind.The students were asked to think about where they wanted to live in the coming year and given three accommodation options that varied both in size and distance from the university campus. Two of the options were good, but in different ways: one was far from the campus, but very la
9、rge; the other was close to campus, but smaller. The third option was a decoy, similar to ope of the good options, but obviously not quite as good. ff it was close to campus and small, it was not quite as close as the good close option and slightly smaller, if it was far from campus and large, it wa
10、s slightly smaller than the good large option and slightly farther away.Psychologists have known for a long time that having a decoy option in a decision-making task draws people to choose a reasonable option that is similar to the decoy. Dr. Masicampo and Dr. Baumeister suspected that students who
11、had been asked to work hard during the video and then been given a drink without any sugar in it would be more likely to rely on intuition when making this decision than those from the other three groups. And that is what happened; 64% of them were swayed by the decoy. Those who had either not had t
12、o exert mental energy during the showing of the video or had been given glucose in their lemonade, used mason in their decision-making task and were less likely to be swayed by the decoy.It is not clear why intuition is independent of glucose. It could be that humans inherited a default nervous syst
13、em from other mammals that was similar to intuition, and that could make snap decisions about whether to fight or flee regardless of how much glucose was in the body.Whatever the reason, the upshot seems to be that thinking is, indeed, hard work. And important decisions should not be made on an empt
14、y stomach._BTEXT B/BMost people have experienced the feeling, after a taxing mental work-out, that they cannot be bothered to make any more decisions. If they are forced to, they may do so intuitively, rather than by reasoning. Such apathy is of ten put down to tiredness; but a study published recen
15、tly in Psychological Science suggests there may be more to it than that. Whether reason or intuition is used may depend simply on the decision-makers blood-sugar levelwhich is, itself, affected by the process of reasoning.E.J. Masicampo and Roy Baumeister of Florida State University discovered this
16、by doing some experiments on that most popular of laboratory animals, the impoverished undergraduate. They asked 121 psychology students who had volunteered for the experiment to watch a silent video of a woman being interviewed that had random words appearing in bold black letters every ten seconds
17、 along the perimeter of the video. This was the part of the experiment intended to be mentally taxing. Half of the students were told to focus on the woman, to try to understand what she was saying, and to ignore the words along the perimeter. The other half were given no instructions. Those that ha
18、d to focus were exerting considerable serf-control not to look at the random words.When the video was over, haft of each group was given a glass of lemonade with sugar in it and half was given a glass of lemonade with sugar substitute. Twelve minutes later, when the glucose from the lemonade with su
19、gar in it had had time to enter the students blood, the researchers administered a decision-making task that was designed to determine if the participant was using intuition or reason to make up his mind.The students were asked to think about where they wanted to live in the coming year and given th
20、ree accommodation options that varied both in size and distance from the university campus. Two of the options were good, but in different ways: one was far from the campus, but very large; the other was close to campus, but smaller. The third option was a decoy, similar to ope of the good options,
21、but obviously not quite as good. ff it was close to campus and small, it was not quite as close as the good close option and slightly smaller, if it was far from campus and large, it was slightly smaller than the good large option and slightly farther away.Psychologists have known for a long time th
22、at having a decoy option in a decision-making task draws people to choose a reasonable option that is similar to the decoy. Dr. Masicampo and Dr. Baumeister suspected that students who had been asked to work hard during the video and then been given a drink without any sugar in it would be more like
23、ly to rely on intuition when making this decision than those from the other three groups. And that is what happened; 64% of them were swayed by the decoy. Those who had either not had to exert mental energy during the showing of the video or had been given glucose in their lemonade, used mason in th
24、eir decision-making task and were less likely to be swayed by the decoy.It is not clear why intuition is independent of glucose. It could be that humans inherited a default nervous system from other mammals that was similar to intuition, and that could make snap decisions about whether to fight or f
25、lee regardless of how much glucose was in the body.Whatever the reason, the upshot seems to be that thinking is, indeed, hard work. And important decisions should not be made on an empty stomach.（分数：5.00）(1).The word “taxing“ in the fast paragraph means（分数：1.00）A.tiring.B.imposing taxation.C.paying
26、taxation.D.relaxing.(3).Which group of students tended to be swayed by the decoy, according to the study?（分数：1.00）A.The no-watching-instructions group that had been given glucose in their lemonade.B.The no-watching-instructions group having been given sugar substitute in their lemonade.C.The mental-
27、energy-exerting group that had been given glucose in their lemonade.D.The mental-energy-exerting group that had been given sugar substitute in their lemonade.(4).Which of the following is NOT true, according to the study?（分数：1.00）A.Peoples blood-sugar level is affected by the process of reasoning.B.
28、Whether people resort to reasoning or intuition may depend on their blood-sugar level.C.Both reasoning and intuition are certainly affected by peoples blood-sugar level.D.It is not wise to make important decisions when one is hungry.(5).The last paragraph suggests that（分数：1.00）A.people are not able
29、to make important decisions when hungry.B.decisions made on an empty stomach may be unreasonable.C.people are less intelligent when they are hungry.D.people are more intelligent when they are hungry.2.BTEXT C/BConsidering how jazz is transcribed in Chinese (jueshi), you may be misled into assuming t
30、hat it is an aristocratic cultural form. Nothing could be further from the troth. It originated among black Americans at the end of the 19th century, at a time when they occupied the very bottom of the American social heap.So how has something that was created by a once downtrodden and despised mino
31、rity acquired a central place in todays American culture? Perhaps the essence of America is that you could never get two Americans to agree on just what that might be. After thinking about it for a while, we might chuckle and say, “Hmm, seems like being American is a bit more complicated than we tho
32、ught.“ Certainly things like individualism, success (the “American Dream“), innovation and tolerance stand out. But these things come together because of our ability, to work with one another and find common purpose no matter how diverse we might be.Some, like African-American writer Ralph Ellison,
33、believe that jazz captures the essence of America. For good reason, for in jazz all of the characteristics I mentioned above come together. The solos are a celebration of individual brilliance that cant take place without the group efforts of the rhythm section. Beyond that, though, jazz has a conne
34、ction to the essence of America in a much more fundamental way. It is an expression of the African roots of American culture, a musical medium that exemplifies the culture of the Africans that came to dominate much of what is American.Thats right, in many respects Americas roots are in Africa. Read
35、Ralph Ellisons perceptive description of the transformation of separate African and European cultures at the hands of the slaves:“ the dancing of those slaves who, looking through the windows of a plantation manor house from the yard, imitated the steps so gravely performed by the masters within and
36、 then added to them their own special flair, burlesquing the white folks and then going on to force the steps into a choreography uniquely their own. The whites, looking out at the activity in the yard, thought that they were being flattered by imitation and were amused by the incongruity of tattere
37、d blacks dancing courtly steps, while missing completely the fact that before their eyes a European cultural form was becoming Americanized, undergoing a metamorphosis through the mocking activity of a people partially sprung from Africa.“ Jazz brought together dements from Africa and Europe, fusing
38、 them into a new culture, an expression unique to the Americas.Out of this fusion came an idea that we Americans believe central to our identity: tolerance. Both cultures represented in Ellisons passage eventually came to realize each others value. Americans acknowledge that in diversity is our stre
39、ngth. We learn every day that other cultures and peoples may make valuable contributions to our way of life. Jazz music is the embodiment of this ideal, combining elements from African and European culture into a distinctly American music.Jazz reflects two contradictory facets of American life. On t
40、he one hand it is a team effort, where every musician is completely immersed in what the group does together, listening to each of the other players and building on their contributions to create a musical whole. On the other hand, the band features a soloist who is an individual at the extreme, a ge
41、nius like Charlie Parker who explores musical territory where no one has ever gone before. In the same sense, American life is also a combination of teamwork and individualism, a combination of individual brilliance with the ability to work with others._BTEXT C/BConsidering how jazz is transcribed i
42、n Chinese (jueshi), you may be misled into assuming that it is an aristocratic cultural form. Nothing could be further from the troth. It originated among black Americans at the end of the 19th century, at a time when they occupied the very bottom of the American social heap.So how has something tha
43、t was created by a once downtrodden and despised minority acquired a central place in todays American culture? Perhaps the essence of America is that you could never get two Americans to agree on just what that might be. After thinking about it for a while, we might chuckle and say, “Hmm, seems like
44、 being American is a bit more complicated than we thought.“ Certainly things like individualism, success (the “American Dream“), innovation and tolerance stand out. But these things come together because of our ability, to work with one another and find common purpose no matter how diverse we might
45、be.Some, like African-American writer Ralph Ellison, believe that jazz captures the essence of America. For good reason, for in jazz all of the characteristics I mentioned above come together. The solos are a celebration of individual brilliance that cant take place without the group efforts of the
46、rhythm section. Beyond that, though, jazz has a connection to the essence of America in a much more fundamental way. It is an expression of the African roots of American culture, a musical medium that exemplifies the culture of the Africans that came to dominate much of what is American.Thats right,
47、 in many respects Americas roots are in Africa. Read Ralph Ellisons perceptive description of the transformation of separate African and European cultures at the hands of the slaves:“ the dancing of those slaves who, looking through the windows of a plantation manor house from the yard, imitated the
48、 steps so gravely performed by the masters within and then added to them their own special flair, burlesquing the white folks and then going on to force the steps into a choreography uniquely their own. The whites, looking out at the activity in the yard, thought that they were being flattered by im
49、itation and were amused by the incongruity of tattered blacks dancing courtly steps, while missing completely the fact that before their eyes a European cultural form was becoming Americanized, undergoing a metamorphosis through the mocking activity of a people partially sprung from Africa.“ Jazz brought together dements from Africa and Europe, fusing them int
