1、专业八级-216 (1)及答案解析(总分：101.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART LISTENIN(总题数：1，分数：10.00)BSeven Types of Evidence/BIt is important to learn to use evidence inargumentative writing, because without evidence, youcant persuade anybody of anything. Usually seventypes of evidence are used.B. Expert Testimony/BExpert testi
2、mony is useful because it comes fromsomebody with special knowledge and has been testedby others.There are three kinds of expert testimony: facts,informed opinions, and (1) _. (1) _The first two can be safely used in your writing,but the third may be dangerous, because they are justwhat is possibly
3、true.B. (2) _/B (2) _This refers to data that can reveal someinformation. Strong evidence of this type should bevalid, accurate, and (3) _. (3) _B. Examples/BExamples are widely used in our daily life.Examples can serve three purposes. First, clarifymeaning. Second, provide reason for justification.
4、Third, (4) _. (4) _B. Personal Experience/BWriter can use his own experience to support anargument. But if the experience is (5) _, the (5) _argument will not be very forceful.B. Analogy/BAnalogy is a comparison of apparently dissimilarthings.Analogy can make unfamiliar topics (6) _, (6) _but it is
5、not enough to prove anything.B6. Known Facts/BKnown facts are facts that are known to (7) _. (7) _They can be used as a type of evidence.B7. Logic and Reasoning/BLogic and reasoning may be used in two situations.One, (8) _ is not available. (8) _Two, the writer wants to strengthen thepersuasiveness
6、of his factual evidence.B8. Three Criteria for Good Evidence/B1. relevant2. (9) _ (9) _3. (10) _ (10) _（分数：10.00）(1).（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_二、BSECTION B/B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)IQuestions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview, y
7、ou will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following 5 questions.Now listen to the interview./I（分数：5.00）(1).The interview is mainly a discussion concerning（分数：1.00）A.men and position.B.men and property.C.women and inheritance.D.women and property.(2).According to the interview, what is called
8、 property grabbing?（分数：1.00）A.The husbands property is taken by his relatives.B.The husbands property is taken by the government.C.The husbands property is taken by robbers.D.The husbands property is taken by his wife.(3).The women dont do anything to prevent property grabbing because（分数：1.00）A.the
9、law is against them.B.they dont know that they have rights to keep property.C.the law is for them.D.they dont want to damage the relationship with their husbands relatives.(4).According to the interview, the way of preventing property grabbing for a woman is to（分数：1.00）A.learn more about the inherit
10、ance law.B.quarrel with her husbands relatives for her property fiercely.C.ask her relatives to put her husbands relatives into prison.D.go to Mrs Mutwa for assistance.(5).Which of the following is not Mrs Mutwas recommendation?（分数：1.00）A.Making a will with the husband.B.Registering your home.C.Gett
11、ing legal advice from a lawyer.D.Donating the property.三、BSECTION C/B(总题数：4，分数：6.00)1.IQuestion 7 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the question. Now listen to the news./I（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.2.IQuestion 6 is based on the following news.
12、At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the question. Now listen to the news./I（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(1).IQuestion 10 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the question. Now listen to the news./I（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.IQu
13、estions 8 and 9 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the question.Now listen to the news./I（分数：2.00）(1).Philippines President Gloria Arroyo（分数：1.00）A.has been found guilty of wrongdoing.B.was forced to step down after 10 of 24 cabinet m
14、embers resigned from the government.C.will continue to run the government according to the constitution.D.had a tension with the new cabinet.(2).Which word can be used to describe the state of government after the event?（分数：1.00）A.Functional.B.Rebellious.C.Collapsed.D.Uncontrolled.四、BPART READING (总
15、题数：7，分数：20.00)BTEXT A/BIn 1896 a Georgia couple suing for damages in the accidental death of their two year old was told that since the child had made no real economic contribution to the family, there was no liability for damages. In contrast, less than a century later, in 1979, the parents of a th
16、ree year old sued in New York for accidental-death damages and won an award of $750,0O0.The transformation in social values implicit in juxtaposing these two incidents is the subject of Viviana Zelizers excellent book, Pricing the Priceless Child. During the nineteenth century, she argues, the conce
17、pt of the “useful“ child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present-day notion of the “useless“ child who, though producing no income for, and indeed extremely costly to, its parents, is yet considered emotionally “priceless.“ Well established among segments of the middl
18、e and upper classes by the mid-1800s, this new view of childhood spread throughout society in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries as reformers introduced child-labor regulations and compulsory education laws predicated in pan on the assumption that a childs emotional value made child l
19、abor taboo.For Zelizer the origins of this transformation were many and complex, The gradual erosion of childrens productive value in a maturing industrial economy, the decline in birth and death rates, especially in child mortality, and the development of the companionate family (a family in which
20、members were united by explicit bonds of love rather than duty) were all factors critical in changing the assessment of childrens worth. Yet “expulsion of children from the cash nexus, . although clearly shaped by profound changes in the economic, occupational, and family structures,“ Zelizer mainta
21、ins, “was also pan of a cultural process of sacralization of childrens lives.“ Protecting children from the crass business world became enormously important for late-nineteenth-century middle-class Americans, she suggests; this sacralization was a way of resisting what they perceived as the relentle
22、ss corruption of human values by the marketplace.In stressing the cultural determinants of a childs worth, Zelizer takes issue with practitioners of the new “sociological economics,“ who have analyzed such traditionally sociological topics as crime, marriage, education, and health solely in terms of
23、 their economic determinants. Allowing only a small role for cultural forces in the form of individual “preferences,“ these sociologists tend to view all human behavior as directed primarily by the principle of maximizing economic gain. Zelizer is highly critical of this approach, and emphasizes ins
24、tead the opposite phenomenon: the power of social values to transform price. As children became more valuable in emotional terms, she argues, their “exchange“ or “surrender“ value on the market, that is, the conversion of their intangible worth into cash terms, became much greater.（分数：5.00）(1).It ca
25、n be inferred from the passage that accidental-death damage awards in America during the nineteenth century tended to be based principally on the _.（分数：1.00）A.earnings of the person at titan of deathB.wealth of the party causing the deathC.degree of guilt of the party causing the deathD.amount of su
26、ffering endured by the family of the person killed(2).It can be inferred from the passage that in the early 1800 s children were generally regarded by their families as individuals who _.（分数：1.00）A.needed enormous amounts of security and affectionB.required constant supervision while workingC.were i
27、mportant to the economic well-being of a familyD.were financial burdens assumed for the good of society(3).Which of the following alternative explanations of the change in the cash value of children would most likely come from sociological economists?（分数：1.00）A.Parents began to increase their emotio
28、nal investment in the upbringing, of their children.B.Childrens expected earnings over the course of a lifetime increased greatly.C.Compulsory education laws reduced the supply, and thus raised the costs, of available child labor.D.Changes in the law made available of indemnity for damages in accide
29、ntal-death cases.(4).Which of the following statements of American families in 19th century can be inferred from the passage?（分数：1.00）A.Family members became more economically dependent on each other.B.The percentage of families involved in industrial work declined dramatically.C.Family members beca
30、me mom emotionally bonded to one another.D.Family members spent an increasing amount of time working with each other.(5).Zelizer refers to all of the following as important influences in changing the assessment of childrens worth EXCEPT changes in _.（分数：1.00）A.the nature of industryB.the nature of t
31、he familyC.attitudes toward reform movementsD.attitudes toward the marketplace3.BTEXT B/BReplying to our Christmas “good guru guide“, Peter Drunker, the grand old man of management theory, speculated that the word “guru“ had become popular only because “charlatan“ was too long a word for most headli
32、nes. Few people are easier to ridicule than management gums. Irrepressible self-publicists and slavish fashion-merchants, they make a splendid living out of recycling other peoples ideas (“chaos management“), coining euphemisms (“downsizing“) and laboring the obvious (“managing by wandering around“
33、or the customer is king“). Their books draw heavily on particular case studiesoften out-of-date ones that have nasty knack of collapsing later. And their ideas change quickly. Tom Peters, once a self-confessed sycophant to the corporate behemoth, is now an apostle of the small, chaotic, “virtual“ or
34、ganization.Gurus do have their uses, however. Begin with the circumstantial evidence. In America, where management theories are treated with undue reverence, business is bouncing back. In Germany, where business schools hardly exist and management theory is widely seen as an oxymoron, many companies
35、 are in trouble. German business magazines are suddenly brimming with articles about “downsizing“ and “business process re-engineering“. In Japan firms are once again turning to business theories from Americajust as their fathers learnt after the Second World War from American quality-control techni
36、ques. Coincidence does not prove causation: American firms were just as much in love with gurus when they ware doing badly. But the fact that Germans and Japanese are paying attention again does offer some dues. The most important point in favor of management theories is that they are on the side of
37、 change. In 1927 a group of psychologists studying productivity at Western Electrics Hawthorne factory in Illinois found that workers increased their output whenever the level of lighting was changed, up or down. At the very least, theorists can make change easier by identifying problems, acting as
38、scapegoats for managersor simply making people think. A vested interest in change can lead to faddism. But, taken with a requisite dose of scepticism, it can be fine complacency-shaker.A second argument for gurus relates to knowledge. The best management theorists collect a lot of information about
39、what makes firms successful. This varies from the highly technical, such as how to discount future cash flow, to softer organizational theories. Few would dispute the usefulness of the first. It is in the second areathe land of “flat hierarchies and “multi-functional teams“that gums have most often
40、stumbled against or contradicted each other. This knowledge is not obviously prodding a strategic recipe for success: there are too many variables in business, and if all competitors used the same recipe it would automatically cease to work. But it does provide something managers want: information a
41、bout, and understanding of, other companies experience in trying out tacticsthinner management structures, handing power to workers, performance-related pay, or whatever.A good analogy may be with diets. There is no such thing as the “correct“ diet, but it is clear that some foods, in some quantitie
42、s, axe better for you than others: and it is also likely that the main virtue of following a diet is not what you eat but the fact that it forces you to think about it. If management diets come with a lot of hype and some snake-oil, so be it._BTEXT B/BReplying to our Christmas “good guru guide“, Pet
43、er Drunker, the grand old man of management theory, speculated that the word “guru“ had become popular only because “charlatan“ was too long a word for most headlines. Few people are easier to ridicule than management gums. Irrepressible self-publicists and slavish fashion-merchants, they make a spl
44、endid living out of recycling other peoples ideas (“chaos management“), coining euphemisms (“downsizing“) and laboring the obvious (“managing by wandering around“ or the customer is king“). Their books draw heavily on particular case studiesoften out-of-date ones that have nasty knack of collapsing
45、later. And their ideas change quickly. Tom Peters, once a self-confessed sycophant to the corporate behemoth, is now an apostle of the small, chaotic, “virtual“ organization.Gurus do have their uses, however. Begin with the circumstantial evidence. In America, where management theories are treated w
46、ith undue reverence, business is bouncing back. In Germany, where business schools hardly exist and management theory is widely seen as an oxymoron, many companies are in trouble. German business magazines are suddenly brimming with articles about “downsizing“ and “business process re-engineering“.
47、In Japan firms are once again turning to business theories from Americajust as their fathers learnt after the Second World War from American quality-control techniques. Coincidence does not prove causation: American firms were just as much in love with gurus when they ware doing badly. But the fact
48、that Germans and Japanese are paying attention again does offer some dues. The most important point in favor of management theories is that they are on the side of change. In 1927 a group of psychologists studying productivity at Western Electrics Hawthorne factory in Illinois found that workers increased their outp
